It was confirmed that acetylcholine signaling pathway and dopamine signaling pathway play critical roles in refractive development.Many evidences have supported that acetylcholine and its receptor antagonists were closely related to the formation of experimental myopia.Retinal dopamine signaling could exert a significant influence on refractive development,and its upregulation induced by light comprises an important component of the retinal clock network;meanwhile,the retinal dopamine signaling could also participate in the regulation of retinal circadian rhythms.The role of intrinsic retinal circadian rhythms in the developing process of myopia is gaining increasing attention.Moreover,it was also found that both acetylcholine and dopamine signaling pathways influence the development of myopia.Therefore,the present paper summarizes the two signaling pathways in the mechanisms of regulating myopia process,which provides an insight into the pathogenesis of myopia and clinical ideas for the effective prevention and treatment of myopia.

Although it has many important functions in physiology,glutamine is not used widely in clinic.Low dissolution and unstabitity in water are the main disadvantages of glutamine.L-alanyl-L-glutamine dipeptide is the product of high dissolution and stability in water and can be metabolised and utilized rapidly in the body.The metabolism and clinical use of the dipeptide are reviewed here.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a multifunctional growth factor,which is widely expressed in most ocular tissues including cornea,retina and sclera.It may regulate the growth and proliferation of various ocular cells with the interaction of epidermal growth factor receptor in vitro or in vivo.This article reviews the role of EGF in pathological and physiological processes of ocular diseases,including corneal injury,retinal proliferative diseases,myopia,pterygium,glaucoma,cataract,and eye tumors.

Objective To investigate the effects of 860MHz microwave on the formation and extinction of context conditioned fear in mice. Methods The mice were exposed to 860MHz continuous microwave ( power density were 380 μW/cm2 or 550 μW/cm2, respectively) for 30 min or 2 h, which then were divided in to 5 groups.Each group consisted of 15 animals. Footshocks were used to induce context conditioned fear by 75 voltages. The frequency and time of freezing after irradiation were investigated. Results When 24 h after foot shocking, the values of freezing time: control group was 2.31 ±4. 17 , two groups of the microwave irradiation 2 h were 3.93 ±6.99 and 2.47 ± 3.34, the Nemenyi test results (P = 0.004): control group was 32.63333, while two groups of the microwave irradiation 2 h were 52.46667 and 39.76667; and the values of freezing frequency: control group was 0.73 ± 1.16 , two groups of the microwave irradiation 2 h were 0.86 ± 1.41 and 1.07 ± 1.16, the Nemenyi test results of (P=0. 014): control group was 33. 26667, while two groups of the microwave irradiation 2 h were 50. 76667 and 40.90000. Conclusion The mice receiving relatively longer period of microwave irradiation showed more stable memory of the context conditioned fear.

Objective To observe the clinical manifestations and the effect factors of thyroid-associated ophthalmopath (TAO) with optic neuropathy. Methods The clinical data of 62 cases (120 eyes) of TAO with optic neuropathy diagnosed in 1994-2001 were retrospectively analyzed. Results The incidence of TAO with optic neuropathy was 18.3% in all the simultaneous TAO inpatients, and was more frequently found in the male than in the female ones. The incidence of TAO with optic neuropathy was correlated with orbitono-increase, ocular myopathy, hypertension, hyperlipemia, diabetes, and cardiopathy (P0.05). In 62 patients with the methylprednisolone pulse therapy, the visual acuity improved in 33 (29 0%), improved while the treatment but decreased after stop treating in 29 (24.2%), and no changes in 58 (46.8%). In 63 eyes undergone orbital decompression with methylprednisolone pulse therapy, 59 (93.7%) had better visual acuity. Conclusion The incidence of TAO with optic neuropathy was correlated with orbitono-increase, ocular myopathy, hypertension, hyperlipemia, diabetes, and cardiopathy. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy and orbital decompression are the effective measures for TAO with optic neuropathy.

Objective To establish the quality standard of Fengsui Pills. Methods The qualitative analysis of Fructus Amomi and Radix Glycyrrhizae in Fengsui Pills was carried out by TLC,and the content of berberine hydrochloride,an effective component of Cortex Phellodendri in Fengsui Pills was determined by HPLC. Results The chromatographic sports of Fructus Amomi and Radix Glycyrrhizae were identified without the interference of negative control. A linearity of berberine hydrochloride was obtained from 0.272?g to 1.360 ?g with a good correlation (r=0.999 9,n=5).The average recovery was 99.01 %and the RSD was 0.98%. Conclusion The qualitative and quantitative methods established in this study are simple and feasible,accurate and reproducible,and can be used as the quality control standard for Fengsui Pills.

The transfection efficiency of oligonucleotide and plasmid to the HL-60 cell line with lipofectaminePLUS was compared through observing the transfection rate and the expression duration of exogenous gene in the target cells. The results showed that the transfection rate of oligonucleotide to the HL-60 was about 90% - 95% and it had no obvious attenuation within 84 h. However, the plasmid transfection rate was only 5% -25% and it was decreased significantly within 60 h. It was suggested that the transfection of oligonucleotide with liposomes was better than that of plasmid.
Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics ; HL-60 Cells ; Liposomes ; Oligonucleotides/*genetics ; Plasmids/*genetics ; Transfection

The HL-60 cells were transfected with chk1 antisense and sense chain, and 24 h later subjected to irradiation. Twenty-four h after irradiation, the changes in the chk1 protein expression was assayed by Western blot, and the cell cycles and apoptosis rate detected by FCM. The irradiated apoptosis sensitivity was increased by antisense blocking of chk1 gene in HL-60 cell line with the apoptosis rate being 26.31%, significantly higher than that by the sense blocking (10.34%, 0.025 < P < 0.05). In HL-60 cells transfected with chk1 antisense chain, the G2/M phase arrest was attenuated and the cells in G2/M phase were accounted for 38.42%, significantly lower than those of the cells transfected with chkl sense chain (54.64%, 0.005 < P < 0.01). It was concluded that antisense blocking of chk1 gene could increase the apoptosis sensitivity to irradiation.
*Apoptosis/radiation effects ; Cell Cycle/radiation effects ; HL-60 Cells ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/*genetics ; Protein Kinases/*genetics ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Radiation Tolerance/*genetics ; Transfection

Objective To study the relationship of cataract with lens epithelial cell apoptosis and autophagy by observing the ultrastructure of age-related and diabetic cataract lens epithelial cells.Methods Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the apoptotic and autophagic morphology of the lens epithelial cells in 5 cases with age-related and diabetic cataract respectively,and in 2 cases with normal lens.Results The apoptosis and autophagy of lens epithelial cells was found in cases with age-related and diabetic cataract,while no expression was observed in control lens epithelial cells.Conclusion The apoptosis and autophagy of lens epithelial cells are closely related to age-related and diabetic cataract formation.

Objective To compare the efficacy and prognosis of epirubicin combined with paclitaxel and epirubicin combined with docetaxel in the treatment of breast cancer.Methods Patients in the study group were treated with epirubicin and paclitaxel, while the control group was treated with epirubicin plus docetaxel.Results The two groups of breast cancer patients by the end of the treatment were valid for 5 years of follow-up, five year survival rate(86.67%)than the control group(68.89%), the study group the recurrence rate(4.44%)than in the control group(15.56%), the data had significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion The epirubicin is conducive to breast cancer patients for better disease control effect and prognosis than star, paclitaxel combined with chemotherapy.