BACKGROUND: In recent years, there are many studies designed to explain the protective effect of lidocaine on brain, but few about the therapeutic effect on traumatic cerebral edema. The content of aquaporin-4(AQP-4) in brain tissue is the highest and it has been proved that AQP-4participants in the formation of cerebral edema induced by cerebral trauma, cerebral infarction, eerebrai tumor and other reasons.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of lidocaine on the expression of AQP-4 of experimental rats following brain injury and analyze the therapeutic effect of lidocaine on brain edema.DESIGN: A randomized and control animal experiment.SETTING: Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the Institute of Brain Disease, the Medical School Hospital of Qingdao University between January and July 2004. Totally 65 three-month-old healthy male Wistar rats,were enrolled in the experiment and randomly divided into 3 groups: normal control group (n=5), model group (n=30) and treatment group (n=30). Thirty rats in the model group and treatment group were respectively assigned into 6 subgroups according to 6 different time points: 1,4,6,12,24 and 48 hours following brain injury, with 5 rats at each time point.METHODS: Animal models of brain injury at right parietal lobe were created according to the method from Feeney et al. As for the rats of normal control group, they only underwent operation to be injured at the corresponding part. Rats recovered the access to food and water 2 to 8 hours after operation. For the rats in the treatment group, they were intraperitoneally injected of lidocaine at the 1st, 4th,6th, 12th, 24th, and 48th hours following injury, 5 rats at each time point. The initial dosage was 30 mg/kg, then 15 mg/kg was maintained . Administration was conducted every 6 hours in 3 days; For the rats in the model group, they were intraperitoneally injected of 30 mg/kg normal saline and rats in the normal control group were given no special treatments. Water content of brain was calculated 5 days following brain injury with dry and wet weight method:water content of brain=[brain mass (wet)-brain mass (dry)]/brain mass(wet)×100%. Expression of AQP-4 of brain tissue of rats was detected with immunohistochemical method and cytomorphological change of brain tissue was observed under optical microscope.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Water content of brain of rats in each group. ② Expression of AQP-4 of brain tissue of rats in each group.③ Pathological results of brain tissue of rats in each group.RESULTS: No rats died accidentally or for other factors in the process of experiment, finally, all the 65 rats entered the stage of result analysis. ①Compared with model group, administration of lidocaine within 6 hours following brain injury could significantly decrease the water content of brain tissue [1 hour after brain injury: (81.09±0.29)%, (83.04±0.25)% ,P ＜ 0.05];[4 hours after brain injury: (81.34±0.35)%, (83.31±0.48)%,P ＜ 0.05] ;[6 hours after brain injury: (82.01±0.21)%, (83.25±0.37)% ,P ＜ 0.05]. Compared with model group, administration of lidocaine could significantly decrease the expression of AQP-4 [1 hour after brain injury:(0.19±0.02), (0.24±0.03),P ＜ 0.05]; [4 hours after brain injury: (0.21±0.05 ), (0.25±0.05) ,P ＜ 0.05]; [6 hours after brain injury: (0.21±0.03 ),(0.24±0.02) ,P ＜ 0.05]. There were no significant differences of AQP-4expression and water content of brain tissue when administration was conducted at the 12th, 24th and 48th hours following brain injury (P ＞ 0.05). ②Under the microscope, AQP-4 positive cells presented vacuolus, they mainly lay in the edema area of peripheral part of trauma, cortex of traumatic side and around the blood vessel as well as astrocyte of white substance, choroid plexus and ependymal layer. ③ Necrosis was found in most cells in the central area of trauma and apoptosis in most cells in the peripheral area. Compared with model group, necrotic and apoptotic cells were significantly less within 6 hours following trauma, but not at the 12th,24th and 48th hours following trauma in the treatment group.CONCLUSION: High dosage of lidocaine can decrease the expression of AQP-4 and lighten cerebral edema following brain injury, but administration should be given as early as possible.

Objective To summarize the experience in nursing children with pediatric advanced intraocular retinoblastoma treated with 23-gauge microinvasive vitrectomy. Methods Eleven infants (12 eyes) suffered from advanced intraocular (D or E) retinoblastoma and treated with 23-gauge microinvasive vitrectomy. Preoperative psychological nursing, postoperative complication nursing and follow-up nursing were performed. Results The retinal tumors was completely removed in all 12 eyes. After the follow-up of a half year, the conditions in 8 eyes were stable, and the tumors in 4 eyes recurred. Visual acuity in 4 eyes improved and that in 1 eye remained unchanged. Conclusions Microinvasive vitreous operation can effectively remove advanced intraocular retinoblastoma. Active efficient perioperative nursing plays an important role for the prevention of complications and promoting the recovery of affected eyes.

Objective To study the inhibitory effects of siRNA targeting survivin on the expression of survivin,as well as the apoptosis,proliferation and invasion of a human melanoma cell line,M14.Methods Two siRNAs targeting survivin were designed,chemically synthesized,and used to construct the recombinant plasmids,pRAT-H1.1/neo-survivin-siRNA1 and pRNAT-H1.1/neo-survivin-siRNA2.Then,recombinant plasmids were transfected into M14 cells mediated by Lipofectamine 2000 reagent.Those cells untransfected or transfected with empty vector served as the control.After culture over various periods of time.cells were collected for the detection of mRNA and protein expression of survivin with RT-PCR and Western blotting,respectively,and for the examination of apoptosis and proliferation of M14 cells by flow cytometry and MTT methods,respectively.Also,Transwell assay was performed to detect the invasive capability of M14 cells.Results A statistical decrease in the mRNA and protein expressions of survivin was observed along with an increase in apoptotic rate(x2=31.55,P＜0.01)in M14 cells transfectcd with siRNA-containing plasmid compared with untransfected and empty vector-transfected cells.As MTT assay indicated,on day 4 after the transfcorion,the proliferation of M14 cells was inhibited by(55.4±4.3)%,(34.5±4.3)%and(13.3±4.6)%,with pRNAT-H1.1/neo-survivin-siRNA1,pRNAT-H1.1/neo-survivin-siRNA2 and empty vector,respectively:there was a significant difference among the three groups(P＜0.05).Decreased invasive capability was noticed in M14 cells transfected with siRNA-containing plasmid compared with untransfected cells(all P＜0.05).Conclusions The plasmid containing siRNA against survivin can specifically inhibit the expression of sarvivin,proliferation and invasion of tumor cells,and induce cell apoptosis.The inhibition of survivin expression by siRNA may be a rational approach to the gene therapy for malignant melanoma.

A 7?year?old girl presented with a plaque on the left side of the face for 4 years. Skin examination revealed a well?marginated circular firm plaque measuring 6 cm × 5 cm in size on the left side of the face with purulent crusts on the surface, which was nontender to palpation. Histopathologic study showed ulceration and necrosis in some areas in the epidermis, diffuse dermal infiltration of lymphocytes, histiocytes and epithelioid cells with the presence of many neutrophilic granulocytes in some regions. Both periodic acid?Schiff(PAS)staining and acid?fast staining were negative. After 25 days of tissue culture, scotochromogenic Mycobacterium colonies grew, and colony smears showed positive acid?fast staining. The sequences of 16S rRNA and hsp65 genes of the fungal isolate showed 100%and 99%homology with those of Mycobacterium szulgai, respectively. After the treatment with rifampicin, isoniazid and ethambutol, the patient′s condition was improved.

Objective To discuss the effect of pericardial devascularization plus gastric fundus transaction in advance schis?tosomiasis patients with portal hypertension. Methods Thirty?six advanced schistosomiasis patients with portal hypertension treated with devascularization plus gastric fundus transaction(a portal hypertension group),as well as 10 patients treated with modified Sugiura operation(a modified Sugiura operation group)in the Third People’s Hospital of Yangxin County since 2006 were chosen as the observation objects,and the clinical effects of the two groups were observed and compared. Results The op?eration time,indwelling time of stomach tube,time to taking food after operation,drainage tube removal time of the portal hy?pertension group were all shorten than those of the modified Sugiura operation group(all P<0.05). The hospitalization expenses of the two groups were(25 466.00 ± 2 888.48)Yuan and(34 517.10 ± 4 948.39)Yuan respectively,and the difference was al?so statistically significant(P<0.05). The incidence rates of portal thrombosis of the portal hypertension group and modified Sug?iura operation group were 33.33%(12/36)and 40.00%(4/10),respectively,and the incidence rates of rehaemorrhagia of the two groups 12 months after the operation were 16.67%(6/36)and 10.00%(1/10),respectively,but the differences had no sta?tistically significance(both P>0.05). In addition,1 case with delayed gastric emptying and 1 case with stomal leak of esopha?gus happened in the modified Sugiura operation group,while no corresponding complications happened in the portal hyperten?sion group. Conclusions Pericardial devascularization plus gastric fundus is a relatively easy procedure which has a good short?term clinical effect,and therefore it is suitable for application in primary hospitals. However,its long?term effect still needs fur?ther observation.

Some new types of microemulsion using phospholipids as the main surfactant were prepared for electrokinetic chromatography and the quantitative structure-retention relationship of neutral solutes in these microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) systems was studied by solvation parameters model.By using dynamic coating capillary, and with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dodecyl benzene as the marker of electroosmotic flow and microemulsion droplets, a total of 17 kinds of stable microemulsions containing soybean phospholipids or other surfactants were prepared and the linear salvation energy relationship equations were developed for these MEEKC systems with 26 small neutral compounds.The coefficients of linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) equations were used to evaluate the similarity of two MEEKC systems.Results indicated that LSER characteristics of phospholipids-MEEKC systems were similar to those of other microemulsion systems.The volume and hydrogen bond basicity of solutes were mostly contributed to the retention in MEEKC.The different types and concentration of oil phase had no evident influence on the retention.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological,clinical and histopathological characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis.Methods This study included six patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosed in the Institute of Dermatology,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,over the past 10 years.The epidemiological features as well as clinical and histopathologic presentations of these patients were analyzed retrospectively.Results All of the six patients were male.The mean age at onset of skin eruptions was 47.67 (range:37-67) years,and the mean duration of disease was 10 (range:6-18) months.Clinical presentations included erythema,nodules and ulcers in the face and limbs.Skin biopsy revealed infection-associated granulomatous inflammation with many amastigotes (basophilic bodies) in the cytoplasm of histiocytes,which were highlighted with Giemsa stain.All the patients had a history of working at or travel to epidemic areas.Conclusion The diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis mainly depends on epidemiological data,clinical manifestation and histopathologic findings.

Background and purpose: Recently, survivin gene is one of the hot spots in tumor study. The purpose of the present study was to observe the impact of RNAi targeting survivin gene on tumor growth, apoptosis and radiosensitivity in nude mice xenograft of human cervical carcinoma. Methods: HeLa-s2, HeLa-NC, HeLa-U6 neo and HeLa cells were inoculated respectively in flank subcutaneous tissue of 24 female nude mice so as to establish xenograft models of human cervical carcinoma randomly. The tumor growth status was observed. The tumor volume was regularly measured and the tumor weight was investigated used to observe the impact of RNAi targeting survivin gene on tumor growth. The expression of survivin protein and FⅧRAg in tumor tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry SP method MVD was calculated. Cell apoptusis in tumor tissues was observed by HE staining,apoptotic index(AI) was quantified by TUNEL method. To observe the impact of RNAi targeting survivin gene on tumor radiosensitivity after irradiated, the tumor growth delay and tumor weight were investigated and cell apoptosis were examined by TUNEL method. Results: We established 4 groups of xenograft models of human cervical carcinoma.The tumor volume of HeLa-s2 group was obviously less than that of HeLa group at every checkpoint. The tumor weight of HeLa-s2 group was obviously lower than that of HeLa group, and they were(0.369±0.043)g and (1.150±0.136)g respectively(P<0.05).The tumor growth inhibitive rate of HeLa-s2 group was 67.9%. The expression of survivin protein FⅧ RAg examined by immunohistochemistry in tumor tissues of HeLa-s2 group decreased sharply and MVD went down to 23.4±3.1. Apoptotic cells increased in tumor tissues of HeLa-s2 group examined by HE staining and TUNEL method, AI was (22.74±1.4)%. The tumor volume of HeLa-s2 group was obviously less than that of HeLa group at every checkpoint after irradiation and the tumor weight of HeLa-s2 group was obviously lower than that of HeLa group, they were:(0.41±0.06)g and(1.38±0.29)g respectively(P<0.05). Cell apoptosis increased in tumor tissues of HeLa-s2 group.Compared with HeLa group, AI of HeLa-s2 group rose up notably, they were(30.06±0.98)% and (4.17±0.64)%(P<0.05).Conclusion: RNAi for survivin gone can reduce MVD in xenograft by inhibiting survivin protein expression, thus inhibit tumor growth and induce cell apoptosis, Survivin gene RNAi can also enhance tumor radiosensitivity.

Objective To explore the miRNA regulating the potential cancer-promoting gene CCL18 in cutaneous malignant melanoma.Methods Bioinformatics analysis was conducted by using online software miRanda and TargetScan,so as to predict the miRNA targeting CCL18 gene.Three kinds of C CL18 3'UTR dual-luciferase reporter vectors,including mutant 3'UTR vector (mutant 3'UTR group),wildtype 3'UTR vector (wild-type 3'UTR group) and empty vector (blank control group),as well as miRNA vectors carring selected miRNAs were constructed according to human gene sequence analysis,and then were used to co-transfect 293T cells.After 48-hour treatment,the cells were lysed for detection of luciferase activity.Real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR was performed to measure the expression of CCL 18 and selected miRNA in 14 fresh malignant melanoma tissue specimens and 14 paracancerous normal skin tissue specimens (control tissues),and their correlations were analyzed.Results Online software analysis showed that some miRNAs were identified to target the 3'UTR of CCL18 gene,including miR-183,miR-128 and miR-33a.Luciferase reporter vectors and miRNA vectors were constructed successfully.As luciferase activity assay showed,when miR-183 and miR-128 were bound to the CCL18 3'UTR,the luciferase activities were significantly higher in their mutant 3'UTR groups (11.63 ± 0.42;8.80 ± 0.49) than in their wild-type 3'UTR groups (4.86 ± 0.39;5.01 ± 0.54;both P ＜ 0.05) and blank control groups (2.41 ± 0.13;2.39 ± 0.05;both P ＜ 0.01),while there were no significant differences between miR-33a-hinding mutant 3'UTR group (6.41 ± 0.47) and miR-33a-binding wild-type 3'UTR group (6.16 ± 0.22,P ＞ 0.05).Real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR revealed higher mRNA expression of the CCL18 gene (3.52 ± 1.68),but lower expression of miR-183 (0.49 ± 0.32),miR-128 (0.30 ± 0.20) and miR-33a (0.46 ± 0.40) in the malignant melanoma tissues compared with the control tissues.The mRNA expression of the CCL18 gene was negatively correlated with the expression of miR-128 (rs =-0548,P ＜ 0.05),but showed no significant correlations with the expression of miR-183 and miR-33a (both P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion miR-128 may play a role in regulating the potential malignant melanoma-promoting gene CCL18.

Objective To analysis the clinical high risk factors for fetal chromosomal abnormalities.Methods Amniocentesis,chromosomal karyotype analysis and other related methods were performed on 4829 pregnant women,who presented sole indication of prenatal diagnosis such as advanced age,high risk factors and fetal ultrasound abnormalities,for analyzing the correlations of those women to the incidence of fetal chromosomal abnormalities.Results The detection rates of abnormal karyotype were 5.0％ (57/1143),1.7％ (40/2367) and 4.3％ (57/1319) in the older women group (age＞35),abnormal maternal serological screening group and abnormal fetal ultrasound finding group,respectively.The detection rats of karyotype abnormality were 6.9％ (23/333) in women with fetal congenital heart diseases,8.5％ (20/234) in those with abnormal amniotic fluid,1.1％ (1/89) in those with fetal ventriculomegaly,1.1％ (10/898) in those with fetal intracardiac hyperechogenicity,5.9％ (2/34) in those with fetal choroid cyst and 5.6％ (1/18) in those with fetal renal pelvis broadening.Conclusion The pregnant women with age＞35,fetal sonographic structural anomalies or two or more soft marker abnormalities should be prenatally diagnosed and doing the genetic counseling combined with the family history.