Metastasis of pancreatic cancer is a multi-step,multi-stage and multi-approach complicated process involved in multiple gene changes.That is called metastasis cascade,including epithelialmesenchymal transition,extracellular matrix and basement membrane degradation,tumor cells increased exercise capacity and the formation of tumor angiogenesis,intravasation and extravasation etc.In recent years,studies have found that miRNA play an important role in metastasis cascade.

Objective To explore the application and the clinical curative effect of Ilizarov technique in infected tibia defect with soft tissue defect .Methods It was case series retrospective study .Fifteen patients (6 women ,9 men;age 23-54 ,average 38) with infected tibia defect combined soft tissue defect between March 2008 and March 2012 were treated with Ilizarov external fixa‐tion .The average length tibia defect was 7 .7 cm(3 .0 -21 .0 cm) ,The average area of soft tissue defect was 7 .5 cm2 (3 .6 -18 .4 cm2 ) .Ilizarov external fixation was applied in the operation .Results All 15 patients were followed up and the mean time was 16 .2 months (range ,8-36 months) .The average time of the bony healing was 12 .3 months (range ,7 -28 months) .The docking site was bony healing after rapid compression in 4 cases .The docking site was not bony healing in 2 cases .The docking site achieved bony healing by accordion technique in one case ,and bone grafting in the other case .The skin and hypodermis were embedded in the docking site in 9 cases .The skin and hypodermis were displaced in 3 cases ,and bone grafted at the same time in the other 6 cases . The soft tissue defect gradually become small and healed at last in the 14cases .One case with large soft tissue defect was cured by skin grafting .According to Paley′s evaluation criteria ,12 cases were excellent ,2 good ,1 moderate ,giving a good to excellent rate of 93 .3% .Conclusion Ilizarov technique is a safe and effective method to treat infected tibia defect with soft tissue defect which can completely debride infected lesions ,repair the soft tissue defect ,cure bone nonunion and restore the limb length .

Hypoxia and localized acidosis,increased interstitial pressure,perturbations in structure and function of the extracellular matrix,the production of growth factors and protein hydrolase,angiogenesis,and co-optation of the immune response are all microenvironment that promote tumor survival and metastasis.The application of animal models is critical to the understanding of the pathophysiology in these processes.This review will show the advances of animal models in the study of tumor microenvironment.

Age Factors ; Aging ; immunology ; physiology ; Animals ; Lymphocyte Activation ; immunology ; Male ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; physiology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Swimming ; physiology ; Thymus Gland ; immunology

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease involving multiple joints, and currently it still leads to high disability rate of the joints and high mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively reduce joint deformities. The recently discovered anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies(ACPA) can be detected before damage to the joints occurs. Compared with classical rheumatoid factor (RF) ACPA has higher specificity and similar sensitivity in diagnosing RA. Some studies have showned that anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies play an important role in the early diagnosis of RA and prediction of prognosis; epidemiological evidences also show that ACPA plays an important role on the pathogenesis of RA.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease involving multiple joints, and currently it still leads to high disability rate of the joints and high mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively reduce joint deformities. The recently discovered anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies(ACPA) can be detected before damage to the joints occurs. Compared with classical rheumatoid factor (RF) ACPA has higher specificity and similar sensitivity in diagnosing RA. Some studies have showned that anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies play an important role in the early diagnosis of RA and prediction of prognosis; epidemiological evidences also show that ACPA plays an important role on the pathogenesis of RA.

Animals ; Cold-Shock Response ; Interleukin-2 ; blood ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; beta-Endorphin ; blood

Objective: To analyze the recombination of full-length genomic sequences of novel influenza virus A/H1N1 in 2009 pandemic. Methods: The full-length sequences of the novel A/H1N1 and reference sequences were downloaded from NCBI database. MEGA4.0 software was used to connect, align sequences, and analyze the similarity between the full-length sequences of the novel virus and each of the reference strains. Recombination was analyzed by Simplot software (version 3.5.1). Results: Simplot analysis indicated that the PB1 genes (polymerase B1, PB1) of the novel A/H1N1 viruses might evolve from human H3N2 virus (identity: 93.7%); the PB2 genes (polymerase B2, PB2) and the PA genes (polymerase A, PA) might evolve from avian H5N1 viruses (identity: 89.0%, 89.9%, respectively); the HA genes (hemagglutinin, HA), the NP genes (nucleoprotein, NP) and the NS genes (non-structural protein, NS) showed high similarities with those of swine H1N1 viruses isolated in North America (identity: 91.7%, 93.1%, and 93.1%, respectively); and the NA genes (neuraminidase, NA) and the MP genes (matrix protein, MP) might evolve from European swine H1N1 viruses (identity: 90.5%, 95.5%, respectively). The full-length sequence of the novel A/H1N1 viruses had a highest similarities with swine H1N1 viruses isolated in North America (identity: 83.9%). Conclusion: The novel influenza virus A/H1N1 is a recombinant virus evolving from human H3N2 viruses, swine H1N1 from North America, swine H1N1 from Europe, and swine H5N1 from Asia.

Objective: To investigate the role of HBV subgenotypes B2, C2 in the carcinogenesis, treatment and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: HBV genotypes and subgenotypes were detected in 462 HCC patients and 234 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients by a multiplex PCR assay, and HCC patients infected with HBV B2 or C2 were followed up for a year after surgical resection, transarterial chemoembolization(TACE) or a combination of both. Results: The HCC patients infected with HBV C2 had a higher chance to receive surgical treatment than those with B2 (P=0.007). Age of 40 years or older (P=0.030), male gender (P= 0.000), and viral load (>10 000 copies/ml) (P=0.017) were the independent risk factors for the carcinoge-nesis of HCC by using multivariate logistic analysis; however, there was no significant difference in the carcinogenesis of HCC between CHB patients with HBV subgenotypes B2 and C2. Age of 50 years or younger (P=0.044), infection with HBV B2 (P=0.027), and non-surgical treatment (P=0.000) were the independent risk factors for the recurrence of HCC. Thick trabecular type was more prevalent in HCC patients infected with HBV B2, C2 and genotype mixture (85.7%, 71.2% and 75.0%, respectively), and the proportions of histopathological types were not significantly different between HCC patients infected with HBV B2, C2 and genotype mixture. HBV subgenotype C2 was found in all HCC patients with rare histopathological type and subgenotype B2 and mixture were no found. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the carcinogenesis of HCC between CHB patients with HBV subgenotypes B2 and C2. The HCC patients infected with HBV B2 have a lower chance to receive surgical treatment and are more severe than those with C2. HBV B2 is also closely associated with recurrence of HCC.

Objective: To elucidate the distribution of HBV genotypes and subgenotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and asymptomatic HBV carriers(ASC) in Shanghai and areas around Shanghai, and to analyze the role of HBV genotypes and subgenotypes in the carcinogenesis and progress of HBV-related diseases. Methods: The HBV genotypes and subgenotypes were determined in 462 HCC patients, 234 CHB patients and 110 ASCs from Shanghai and areas around Shanghai by a multiplex PCR assay. Results: Genotypes A, B, C and D and subgenotypes B2, C1 and C2 were detected. Genotype C(mainly C2, 98.5%) and B(B2, 100%) were more prevalent than other genotypes in our group. Compared with CHB group, HCC group had higher proportion of genotype C(P=0.009) and lower proportion of genotype B(P=0.045). In the patients infected with HBV subgenotypes B2 or C2, the expression of HBeAg in CHB group was significantly higher than that in HCC group(P=0.005; P=0.008), and the expression of anti-HBe was lower in CHB group(P=0.003,P=0.001). In HCC patients, expression of HBeAg in patients infected with mixture genotype was higher than that in those infected with other genotypes(P=0.016 for B2). HCC patients (aged from 40 to 60) with HBV B2 infection had lower viral load than those with C2 and genotype mixture(P=0.029, P=0.021); and patients with HBV C2 infection had lower viral load than those with genotype mixture(P=0.041). Conclusion: Subgenotype C2 is more prevalent than B2 in people living in Shanghai and areas around Shanghai. The compositions of HBV genotypes and subgenotypes are different in patients with CHB, HCC and ASCs. Co-infection with different HBV-genotypes is associated with higher viral load, expression of HBeAg and easier carcinogenesis of HCC.