OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the application of microcapsuled cell or encystation materials for treating diabetes mellitus at hone or abroad in recent years.METHODS: A computer-based online search of PubMed database was undertaken to identify related articles about the microcapsulated cell or encystation material for treating diabetes mellitus published from 1980 to 2009 by using the key words of "microcapsulation, islet, transplantation" in English. Meanwhile, we search CNKI for relevant articles published between 1999 and 2009 with the same key words in Chinese. The related randomized, controlled, and clinical studies were collected according to conclusion and exclusion criteria.RESULTS: Among 25 articles, there were 46 patients with type I diabetes mellitus, 106 rats, 20 pigs, and 25 monkeys. The experimental results showed that both the microcapsulated islets and non-microcapsulated islets could secrete insulin and decrease blood glucose level. The normal blood glucose level with microcapulated islets could be maintained for a long time.Thus, microcapsule had a great immune isolation reaction.CONCLUSION: After transplantation, microencapsulated islet cells could improve and adjust abnormal glycometabolism of patients with diabetes mellitus; furthermore, the immunoisolation effect of microcapsule could eliminate or relieve the immunological rejection of receptors to allograft or xenograft, while it could also relieve or eliminate dependence on immunosuppressive drugs. Appropriate material of microcapsule, reasonable process, advanced equipment, advanced separation and purification technologies of islet, and suitable site for transplantation could improve the function of artificial islet cell, enhance the anti-machinery and chemical strength of microencapsuiated islet, improve biocompatibility, and prolong survival time.

Objective: To assess the surgical techniques and surgical outcomes of temporoparietooccipital and parietooccipital disconnection. Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective review of clinical, neuropsychological, EEG, imaging data in 16 patients with intractable epilepsy who underwent temporoparietooccipital and parietooccipital disconnection between April 2008 and October 2011. Of the 16 cases, 12 were males and 4 were females. The age of seizure onset was from 0.1 to 27 years (average 6.6) and disease duration of 0.1 to 18 years (average 7.5). The surgery was performed between the age of 3 and 37 years (average 14.1). Nine patients underwent temporoparietooccipital disconnection, 5 patients parietooccipital disconnection and 2 patient parietooccipital disconnection and temporal lobotomy. Results: After a mean follow-up of 1.6 years (range 0.5–3.9 years), 13 patients (81%) were seizure free, 1 patient had Engel Class II seizure outcome and 2 patient had Engel class III outcome. Two patients exhibited severe brain swelling and one patients had second resective operation with good recovery. None of the patients developed new motor defi cits postoperatively and there was no mortality. Conclusion: Temporoparietooccipital and parietooccipital is a safety and effective epilepsy surgery procedure for patients with epileptic zone localization to the posterior quadrant on one side. The results of surgical disconnection for posterior quadrantic epilepsy have yielded excellent seizure outcomes in 81% of the patients, with no mortality or major morbidity.

Objective To study the relationship between serum C-reactive protein(CRP)levels and insulin resistance(IR)in patients with hyperglycemia and obesity.Methods Fasting plasma glucose(FPG),2h plasma glucose(2hPG),fasting insulin(INS),patient height and weight were measured.Body mass index(BMI)and Homa insulin resistance index(Homa-IR)were calculated.Based on BMI and PG,the participants were divided into 4 groups:normal control group(30 cases),simple obesity group(30 cases),impaired glucose regulation(IGR)obesity group(30 cases)and type 2 diabetic obese group(30 cases).Serum C-reactive protein levels were measured with immunoturbimetric assay.Results(1)CRP and the Homa-IR in other groups were significantly increased comparing with normal control group,with statistical difference observed(P

Objective To observe the effect of irbesartan on the expression of angiopoietinlike protein 2 (ANGPTL2) in the diabetic rats kidney and explore the underlying mechanism.Methods A total of sixty male SD rats were divided into normal control group (NC group,n=15) and experimental group (n=45) randomly.The experimental group was fed with high sugar-fat diet and given a low dose streptozocin (STZ 30 mg/kg)to establish type 2 diabetic model.Rats successfully induced diabetes were randomly divided into 2 groups:diabetes group (DM) and irbesartan group (DI).Weight,blood pressure,blood glucose,serum creatinine (Scr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),24 hour urinary albumin(UAL) and renal histomorphology were observed after drug intervention at the 4th,8th and 12thweeks.The expression of ANGPTL2 in renal tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry,real-time PCR and Western blotting.Results The levels of Scr,BUN,TG,TC and UAL in group DM were higher than in group NC at the 4th,8th and 12th week (all P ＜ 0.05).Compared with that in group DM,above indexes were lower in group DI at the 4th,8th and 12th week (all P ＜ 0.05).The pathological changes of the kidney in group DM were more serious than that in group DI.The expression of ANGPTL2 in group DM was much higher than that in group NC at the 4th,8th and 12th week (all P ＜0.05),and irbesartan treatment inhibited the up-regulation of ANGPTL2 in group DI(all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The expression of ANGPTL2 increases in T2DM rats kidney tissue with time and irbesartan can inhibit the up-regulation of ANGPTL2 in T2DM rats.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between morphologic changes in neuron or neuroglial cells and expression of tumor necrosis factor ? (TNF-?) and c-Myc in cortex after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in MCAO rats. METHODS: The focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model was established by intraluminal thread occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). The middle cerebral arteries of rats were occluded for 2 hours and reperfused for 1, 3 and 7 days. Using the techniques of immunohistochemical staining and optical microscopy, the morphologic changes in neuron or neuroglial cells were observed in the cortex of frontal or parietal lobe; the cell types which dynamicaly expressed TNF-?, c-Myc in the different period were also observed. RESULTS: The degeneration or necrosis of neuron or neuroglial cells were observed at the center of infarction, it was very serious at 3 d after reperfussion. Astrocyte and microglial cell proliferation were observed at the broder of infarction. TNF-? and c-Myc positive cells, most of which were astrocytes and microglial cells, increased significantly at 3 d after reperfusion. CONCLUSION: TNF-? and c-Myc may play an important role in the regulation of neuron or neuroglial cells after focal cerebral ischemia with reperfusion. [

Objective To study the protective effects of choline on myocardial ischemia rat heart and its potential mecha -nisms .Methods Ischemia hypoxia environment was simulated with low value of pH (pH 6 .8) and lack of oxygen .Calcium currents were recorded by whole cell patch under the voltage clamp configuration .The alternations in[Ca2 + ]induced by KCl was detected by laser scanning confocal microscope in ventricular myocytes ,then disccuss the effects of choline on calcium and calcium store in cells . Results The normalized peak currents of ICa-L in ventricular myocytes were larger in pH 6 .8 group than those in pH 7 .4 group , which can be attenuated by choline .The(Ca2 + )i induced by KCl in ventricular myocytes were significantly increased in pH 6 .8 Ty-rode solution and its increasing can be suppressed by choline .4-DAMP can inhibit the suppressing effect of choline .Conclusion The possible mechanism of M 3 receptor involved in the protection of ischemic myocardium by inhibiting myocardial cells in ICa-L ,in-hibiting intracellular calcium overload .

Objective To investigate the effect of different doses of dexmedetomidine on the median effective concentration (EC50) of propofol required to prevent the response to Supreme laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion in aged patients.Methods ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged ≥ 65 yr,with a body mass index of 20-28 kg/m2,undergoing knee operation under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 3 groups:control group (group C),small dose dexmedetomidine group (group D1 ) and large dose dexmedetomidine group (group D2 ).Dexmedetomidine 0.4 and 0.8 μg/kg were infused intravenously over 10 min in groups D1 and D2 respectively,while group C received the equal volume of normal saline instead.Anesthesia was induced with target-controlled infusion of propofol.The initial target plasma concentration of propofol was set at 3.5,3.0 and 2.6 μg/ml in groups C,D1 and D2 respectively.Following equilibration between the plasma and effect-site concentration of propofol,LMA was inserted when BIS value was 50-60.EC50 was determined by up-and-down sequential trial.The target plasma concentration of propofol increased/decreased by 10％ in the next patient depending on whether or not the LMA insertion response occurred.Positive LMA insertion response was defined as body movement,comer of the mouth movement,biting LMA,bucking and/or wallowing during insertion.The EC50 and 95％ confidence interval (CI) of propofol required to prevent LMA insertion response were calculated with sequential method.Results EC50(95％ CI) of propofol was 3.57 μg/ml (2.91-3.87 μg/ml),3.09 μg/ml (2.66-3.53 μg/ml) and 2.62 μg/ml (2.30-3.15 μg/ml) in groups C,D1 and D2 respectively.EC50 was significantly lower in groups D1 and D2 than in group C,and in group D2 than in group D1 ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine 0.4 and 0.8 μg/kg infused intravenously can reduce the EC50 of propofol required to prevent the response to Supreme LMA insertion in aged patients,and the effect of 0.8 μg/kg is more obvious.

Sixty-six volunteers,including 24 subjects with normal glucose tolerance(NGT),18 patients with impaired glucose regulation (IGR),and 24 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ),underwent a test of continuous glucose monitoring.The data of continuous glucose monitoring were embedded into two-dimension Euclid space by Takens' embedding theory.Glycemic phase diagram was drawn by MATLAB.The area and center distance of glycemic phase diagram were calculated by computer.The distinction of glycemic variability and average glycemic level among different glucose regulation populations were analyzed.The results showed that there existed significant differences in body mass index,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,triglyceride,total cholesterol,creatinine,and alanine aminotransferase among three groups( all P＜0.05 ).The levels of HbAIC,fasting plasma glucose( FPG ),postprandial 2 h plasma glucse (2hPG),area and center distance of glycemic phase diagram in T2DM group were higher than those in NGT and IGR groups( P＜0.01 ),and the levels of FPG,2hPG,area and center distance of glycemic phase diagram in IGR group were higher than those in NGT group( P＜0.01 ).The levels of FPG and 2hPG were correlated with area and center distance of glycemic phase diagram ( all P＜0.01 ).These results suggest that measuring the area and center distance of glycemic phase diagram is a good method to assess glycemic variability and average glycemic level during continuous glucose monitoring.

Adult ; Female ; Fungi ; Humans ; Laryngitis ; microbiology ; Mycoses ; Vocal Cords ; microbiology

Pu Xiang-cheng, a famous TCM physician in Sichuan Province, were engaged in medicine for dozens of years, with complete and systematical theory and great academic attainments. He summarized whole course of acupuncture and moxibustion treatment by means of verses with easy to be understood and easy to be read aloud, from examination of acupoints, location of acupoints, needling depth, manipulation, reinforcing and reducing to treatment of diseases in departments of internal medicine, surgery, gynecology and five sense organs, etc., and treatment of fainting during acupuncture. This is valuable medical book in recent time and clinically, it has profound inductive significance for later generations.
Acupuncture ; Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; China ; Humans ; Meridians ; Moxibustion