Objective To investigate the changes of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) after partial hepatectomy in patients with liver cirrhosis and their relationship with liver regeneration. Methods Thirty-five patients with partial hepatectomy between June 2007 and August 2009 were enrolled,according to whether cirrhosis were divided into cirrhosis group (16 cases) and non-cirrhosis group (19 cases). Liver size were measured with angiographic computed tomography at 7,30,90 d after operation. Regeneration rate of remnant liver were calculated. The serum concentrations of HGF and VEGF were meaaured. Postoperative hepatic function and complications incidence rate were comparatively analyzed. Results Compared with non-cirrhosis group, the postoperative hepatic function of cirrhosis group suffered serious damage. In non-cirrhosis group, the remnant liver regeneration rate reached (63.6± 15.9)%, (79.4 ± 17.2)%, (97.2 ± 18.3)% at 7,30,90 d after operation,in cirrhosis group,it reached (41.7 ± 10.7)%, (55.7 ± 13.2)%, (76.6 ± 12.5)%, liver in non-cirrhosis group regenerated rapidly (P <0.05). After hepatectomy,the HGF levels in cirrhosis group increased significantly at 1,3,7 d than those in non-cirrhosis group(P ＜ 0.05), but the VEGF levels were lower. Conclusions Liver in the patients with cirrhosis regenerate slowly and it may be due to in part through a decrease in VEGF. Whether it may,when given therapeutically represent a strategy to optimize liver regeneration in problematic patients needs to be clarified.

AIM:To establish the quality standard for Xuesaitong Granule(total saponins of Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng). METHODS:The contents of notoginsenoside R1,ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 were determined on the Shim-Pack C 18 (250 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m) column,with CH3CN—H2O gradual elution and monitored at 203 nm. RESULTS:The average recovery of notoginsenoside R1 was 100.0% (RSD=1.00%,n=6),the minimum detection quantity cannot be lower than 5% labelled weight. The average recovery of ginsenoside Rg1 was 99.8 % (RSD=0.47%,n=6),the minimum detection quantity cannot be lower than 20% labelled weight. The average recovery of ginsenoside Rb1 was 99.8% (RSD=0.79%,n=6),the minimum detection quantity cannot be lower than 30% labelled weight. CONCLUSION:The method is simple,reliable,accurate and can be applied to the quality control of Xuesaitong Granules.

Objective To study the preparation and the in vitro and in vivo release profile of GH-Chitosan-Alginate microcapsules.Methods GH-Chitosan-Alginate microcapsules were prepared through impulsive electrostatic technique.The interrelated factors influencing the diameter and sphericity were studied through orthogonal experiments,and finally the statistic analysis made sure the optimum conditions to prepare microspheres.The morphology and size of the microcapsules were observed,and the content,encapsulation efficiency and recovery efficiency of the microcapsules were measured.Moreover,their in vitro and in vivo release experiments were carried out.Results The results showed that the diameter of needle was the most significant factor to the diameter of microspheres.The optimum conditions for the least diameter of microspheres were 450?m diameter of needle,2cm from needle tips to the gelation surfaee,1.5% alginate concentration,8ml/h speed of flowing-liquid and metal containers.The microcapsules had good sphericity morphology and distribution.The size of the microcapsules was in the range of 10-25?m with an average size of 47.93?m.The encapsulation efficiency and GH-load of the microcapsules were 94% and 11.24% respectively.The release kinetics of microcapsules was studied in false gastric and intestines juice.In false gastric juice,the GH of microcapsules was not released;in false intestines juice,it was released well,and TAM was completely released after about 12h.in vivo release profile made sure that the serum GH level of GH microcapsule group was at the highest value(98.59ng/ml) at 8h.The release profile was fitted well in both in vitro and in vivo conditions.Conclusion GH-Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules have good morphology and sustained release effect.

Objective To investigate clinical manifestations,histopathological features and treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) complicated by pyoderma gangrenosum (PG).Methods Data on clinical manifestations,auxiliary examination findings,treatment and prognosis were collected from 8 inpatients with UC complicated by PG in Peking Union Medical College Hospital between July 2009 and July 2016,and analyzed retrospectively.Results Of the 8 cases,5 were male,and 3 were female.Theaverage age of onset was 30.6 years and 35.1 years in males and females respectively.All the patients developed intestinal symptoms of UC before the onset of PG with an average time interval of 5 years.Moreover,all the patients had active total colonic type UC at the onset of PG,including 6 with moderately active UC and 2 with mildly active UC.PG manifested as painful ulcers in 8 patients,and affected lower limbs in 7 patients.Histopathological examination of skin lesions showed typical characteristics of vasculitis in 5 patients.Five patients were complicated by arthralgia.All the patients were treated with glucocorticoids and 5-aminosalicylic acid agents as the basic therapy,3 patients received extra treatment with immunosuppressive agents or minocycline,and 2 with infliximab.Conclusions PG is a severe skin manifestation of UC,commonly occurs in patients with total colonic type UC in the active stage,and mostly affects the lower limbs,with typical histopathological features of vasculitis.

Fructus psoralea is a tonic traditional Chinese herb commonly used in clinic.The chemical constituents of Fructus psoralea are complicated,mainly containing coumarins,flavonoids and monoterpene phenols with various pharmacological effects.Since the increasing number of reports on the toxicity of Fructus psoralea in clinic,the side effects including toxicity on the liver and kidney,as well as skin allergies have gradually attracted attention.The toxicity of Fructus psoralea is produced from ADME (absorption,distribution,metabolism and excretion) in vivo.In this paper,we collected and clarified the studies of ADME of Fructus psoralea in vivo,and summarized recent adverse clinical events and research over its toxicity.We propose to make a thorough study on the toxic material basis of Fructus psoralea and the toxicological mechanism of its extraction,fractions and compounds.The review provided a possible reference and the direction of research for the safe clinical use of Fructus psoralea.

Objective To explore the effect of hypoxia inducible factor-1α silencing by siRNA on proliferation, apoptosis and necrosis of human renal proximal epithelial cell ( HK-2 )under hypoxia. Methods CoCl2 was used to mimic hypoxia, and siRNA technique was used to silence HIF-1α. HK-2 cells were divided into five groups, including normal culture group,hypoxia culture group, transfection reagent group, negative control group and HIF-1α siRNA group.MTT assay was used to detect the growth inhibition ratio of cells. TUNEL and caspase-3 quantity was used to detect apoptosis. LDH activity in supernatant was detected to evaluate cell necrosis.Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to detect mRNA and protein of HIF-1α, HIF-2α,glucose transporter 1(Glut-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Results (1) The transfection efficiency of siRNA was 95%-100%. Under normoxia, the efficiency of siRNA silencing HIF-1α gene reached to 70%, while under hypoxia, it was 97%. (2) The growth inhibition ratio of cells in HIF-1α siRNA group was significantly higher than that of other groups including hypoxia culture group, transfection reagent group and negative control group (all P＜0.05). No significant difference was found in apoptotic ratio of the other four groups except normal culture group (P＞0.05). The LDH level in HIF-1α siRNA group was significantly higher than that of hypoxia culture group, transfection reagent group and negative control group (P＜0.05). (3) The expression of HIF1α, Glut-1, VEGF mRNA and protein in HIF-1α siRNA group was significantly lower than that of hypoxia culture group, transfection reagent group and negative control group (P＜0.05). No significant difference was observed on the level of HIF-2α mRNA and protein in the other four groups except normal culture group (P＞0.05). Conclusion HIF-1α gene silencing can inhibit the mRNA and protein expression of Glut-1 and VEGF, and can aggravate growth inhibition and necrosis of HK-2 cells under hypoxia.

Objective To investigate the location and expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) subunits in the remnant kidney of 5/6 nephrectomy rats. Methods Remnant kidneys were produced in adult male SD rats by 5/6 nephrectomy. The renal function and histopathological changes were evaluated at week 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 after operation. Tissues of remnant kidneys were collected to detect the location and expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α by immunohistochemistry staining and Western blotting. The mRNA levels of HIF targeted genes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were determined by RTPCR. Results (1) 5/6 nephrectomy rats underwent one week of acute renal failure at first[Scr (122.8±22.1) μmol/L] and then developed compensative chronic renal failure [(66.0±3.7)-(66.4±8.4) μmol/L], but the level of Scr increased quickly after week 6 [(66.4±8.4)-(127.8±22.7) μmol/L],concomitantly with progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis in remnant kidney cortex. (2) In cortex, HIF-1α was expressed only in the atrophic and dilated tubular cells while HIF-2α was located in endothelial, interstitial fibroblasts, and vascular smooth muscle cells. The semiquantitative results of imunohistochemistry and Western blotting revealed that HIF-1α and HIF-2α were both gradually up-regulated during the early stage of remnant kidney, peaked at week 4 and 6, and then gradually down-regulated. (3) The mRNA levels of HIF targeted genes VEGF and HO-1 transiently peeked at week 4 and 6, and then decreased gradually. Conclusions The increased stabilization of HIF-αprotein and transcription of HIF targeted genes at the early stage of this model is a compensation reaction towards hypoxia. The mechanism of decreased expression of HIF-α at the end stage of chronic kidney disease deserves further investigation.

Objective To identify the metabolite levels and to study the potential effects of risporidone tablets on prefrontal lobe and thalamus in male first-episode schizophrenia by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS).Methods Twenty-two male first-episode schizophrenics were examined at prefrontal lobe and thalamus by multi-voxel 1H-MRS before and after 8 weeks' risperidone tablets treatment,and 30 normal controls were assessed once.The patients were also received positive and negative syndrome scale(PANSS) and Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) before and after treatment.The N-aeetylaspartate ( NAA ),Choline-congtaining compounds (Cho),and Creatine compounds (Cr) were measured and the ratios of NAA/Cr,Cho/Cr were determined.Results On left prefrontal lobe and left thalamus,the NAA/Cr ratio in patients before treatment demonstrated lower than those in normal controls ( ( 1.37 ± 0.33 ) vs ( 1.61 ± 0.38 ),t =2.57,P ＜ 0.05 ; ( 1.46 ± 0.35 ) vs ( 1.71 ± 0.38 ),t =2.36,P ＜ 0.05 ).There were no significant differences in both the ratios of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr between pre- and post-treatment (P＞0.05 ).The changes of NAA/Cr on left prefrontal lobe post-treatment were negatively related with the alterations of the total score of PANSS ( r =- 0.46,P ＜ 0.05 ),the score of negative symptoms ( r =- 0.48,P ＜ 0.05 ),the responses errors ( r =- 0.42,P ＜ 0.05 ) and the porseverative errors ( r =- 0.40,P ＜ 0.05 ),meanwhile,positively related with the alterations of the categories completed ( r =0.44,P ＜0.05 ) and the conceptual level responses ( r =0.42,P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions Abnormalities in neuronal function and/or integrity presented on prefrontal lobe and thalamus maybe exist in male first-episode schizophrenics.Short-term antipsvchotic treatment with risperidone tablets may have no effects on measures of prefrontal lobe and thalamus.

Objective To compare the metabolic measures on prefrontal lobe and thalamus among schizophrenics with or without mental disorder family history by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS),and to explore the relationship among metabolic measures,clinical symptom,and executive functioning.Methods Thirty-one schizophrenics with schizophrenia family history,21 schizophrenics with the other mental disorder family history,and 78 schizophrenics without mental disorder family history were examined at prefrontal lobe and thalamus by multi-voxel 1H-MRS.The N-acetylaspartate (NAA),Choline-congtaining compounds (Cho),and Creatine compounds (Cr) were measured and the ratios of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr were determined.Meanwhile,Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were also assessed in all schizophrenics.Results Both in schizophrenics with schizophrenia family history and with the other mental disorder family history,the NAA/Cr ratios showed lower than those in schizophrenics without mental disorder family history both on left prefrontal lobe and on fight thalamus ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Compared with schizophrenics without mental disorder family history,the score of negative symptoms and the perseverative errors demonstrated higher ( P＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ),the categories completed showed lower both in schizophrenics with schizophrenia family history and with the other mental disorder family history ( P＜0.05 ).The NAA/Cr ratios on left prefrontal lobe in all schizophrenics were significantly negatively related with the total score of PANSS and the responses errors (P ＜ 0.05 or P＜ 0.01 ),and positively related with the categories completed and the conceptual level responses ( P＜ 0.05 or P＜ 0.01 ).On left prefrontal lobe both in schizophrenics with schizophrenia family history and with the other mental disorder family history,the ratios of NAA/Cr were negatively related with the score of negative symptoms and the perseverative errors ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ).Conclusion The damages of neurons on prefrontal lobe and thalamus in schizophrenics with mental disorder family history may be more severe than those in schizophrenics without family history,and the damages on prefrontal lobe are related with negative symptoms and executive functioning.

Objective To explore the effects of Dimethyloxalyl Glycine(DMOG)on isehemic acute renal failure(iARF)in mice and its relationship with activation of hypoxia inducible factor 1α(HIF-1α).Method Twenty five C57/BL male mice were divided into 5 groups randomly:control group,DMOG group,sham operation group,ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)group and DMOG pretreated group(DMOG+I/R).Ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced in mice by clamping both renal pedicles for 30 minutes.The expression of HIF-1α was determined by Western blot.Renal function was reflected by blood urea nitrogen(BUN)and serum creatinine(Scr).Morphologic changes were evaluated under light microscopy.Apoptosis in the kidney was detected by TUNEL staining.Expression of Vimentin,a marker of tubulointerstitial damage was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results The elvated levels of of BUN((65.8±2.6) vs (13.6±0.7),P＜0.01],and Scr[(229.5±11.2) vs (6.5±0.8),P＜0.01]andwere found morphological injury were induced by the ischemic insult in I/R group.Administration of DMOG dramatically improved renal function[BUN,(26.3±6.5)vs(65.8±2.6);Scr,(27.0±14.1)vs(229.5±11.2),P＜0.01]associated with amelioration of tubulointerstital damage.In the DMOG treated group,the protein level of HIF-1α in the kidney of mile was also up-regulated significantly.Conclusions The protection against iARF in mice by DMOG administration is mediated by activation of HIF-1α.