Comorbid depression and chronic pain are highly prevalent in individuals suffering from physical illness .Here, we critically examine that inflammation is the possible mechanism of comorbidity of pain and depression .These mechanisms include direct effects of cytokines on the neuronal environment or indirect effects via downregulation of G protein -coupled receptor kinase 2, activation of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase that generates toxic kynurenine metabolites .We review the role of in-flammation in the mechanism of the commorbidity of depression and pain .

ObjectiveTo investigate environmental factors of the relapse of alcohol dependence.MethodsOne hundred and seventeen in-patients with alcohol dependence were assessed with a home-designed questionnaire,Family Environment Scale Chinese Version (FES-CV),Clinic Institute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome Scale Chinese Version(CIWA-Ar) and the Scale of Personality Change Post-Traumatic Brain Injury(SPCPTBI).One hundred and five patients reassessed with alcohol dependence syndrome diagnostic criteria 1 year after hospitalization.t -test,chi-square and logistic regression were used for analysis.Results 57 of 105 were relapse and 48 of them were not relapse.The results showed that relapse group had a higher divorce or separated or remarried rate (21/36) than the no-relapse one (7/41 ) ( chi-square =6.60,P =0.010) ; a less number of years of education (5.2 ± 1.8 vs 7.2 ± 1.7,t =5.64,P =0.000) ; a bigger daily drinking ( (512 ± 186) ml vs (396 ± 109) ml,t =3.93,P =0.000) ; a higher drinking frequency in relapse group ( (2.6 ± 0.9 ) vs ( 1.8 ± 0.6) times,t =5.38,P=0.000) ;a higher rates in personality change(47/57 vs 15/48 ),brain damages (27/57 vs 13/48 ) and mood disorders (35/57 vs 17/48 ),They also showed that relapse group had more problems on intimate degree (5.66 ±1.40 vs 6.20 ± 1.20),emotional expression (4.59 ± 1.54 vs 5.41 ± 1.26,independence (3.61 ± 1.29 vs 4.64± 1.49),organization (4.26 ± 1.56 vs 5.22 ± 1.18 ),and self-controlling (4.21 ± 1.43 vs 5.12 ± 1.12 ),the differences were significant (P＜0.05) ;a higher contradiction score(4.35 ± 1.73 vs 3.64 ± 1.22,t =2.42,P =0.017).Logistic regression analysis showed that the number of daily drinking,intelligent damaged,emotional problems,arid dependence were the risk factors for the alcoholic relapse ( OR =7.44,3.99,3.92,2.96) ;Self-controlling was the protective factors for the alcoholic relapse ( OR =0.19).ConclusionProblem marital status,less education,and heavy drinking,and the number of drinking times,personality change,intellectual impairment and mood change,and poor family environment were the risk factors for the relapse of alcohol dependence.

Background Choroidal thickness is closely associated with ametropia,and to study the influence of subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) on refraction is very important for understanding the mechanism of refractive error more clearly.Objective This study was to investigate the relationship between SFCT and refraction.Methods A retrospective serial cases analysis was performed.Forty anisometrope patients were recruited in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from June 2012 to August 2012.The subjects were divided into 6-13 years group and 14-21 years group.Vision acuity was tested by the EDTRS visual acuity chart and ocular anterior segment was examined under the slit lamp microscope,and the fundus examination was performed by direct ophthalmoscope.Subjective and objective optometry was performed after pupils were dilated.EDI OCT was used to illuminate choroidal image.Ocular axial length (AL) was obtained by Lenstar 900.The difference in SFCT between myopic eyes and hyperopic eyes was compared using Student t test,and the correlations between SFCT and refraction were analyzed by Pearson linear analysis and linear regression analysis.Results The average SFCT was (307.82±88.47) μm in all the tested eyes,and the SFCT of myopic eyes and hyperopic eyes was (270.60±70.57) μm and (376.95±76.59) μm,respectively,with a significant difference between them (P =0.000).In the 6-13 years group,positive correlations were found between SFCT and diopters with the regression coefficient 18.60 and regression equation Y =18.60X +310.79 (r=0.345,F=21.110,P=0.000) as well as between SFCT and AL with the regression coefficient -31.76 and regression equation Y =-31.76X+1 039.97 (r=0.262,F=17.320,P=0.000).In the 14-21 years group,SFCT showed positive correlation with diopters,with the regression coefficient 23.38 and regression equation Y=23.38X+353.17 (r =0.430,F =27.210,P =0.000) and negative correlation with AL,with the regression coefficient-35.82 and regression equation Y =-35.82X+1 132.75 (r=0.237,F=15.650,P=0.000).Conclusions SFCT seems to be positive correlated with diopter.When the diopter shifts toward positive value,SFCT value increases,and whenever diopter increases-1 D,SFCT decreases 20 μm approximately.SFCT decreases with the increase of AL.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the difference of the transcripts between reticulocyte and non-reticulocyte cells in human blood.

METHODSGenomic DNA, reticulocyte RNA and total RNA of K-, K+ and Kell-null(K0) were extracted, then PCR, reverse transcription-PCR(RT-PCR) and nested PCR followed by sequencing or cloning-sequencing were used to analyze the KEL gene mRNA exons 1-19 and exons 2-8. Four kinds of monoclonal antibodies were labeled to detect the expression of Kell glycoprotein on red cells or leukocytes with flow cytometry.

RESULTSIn reticulocyte, only one normal KEL transcript faithful to the genomic structure was found in all tested samples except K0 which had 4 different transcripts. Sequence analysis of exons 2-8 of total RNA confirmed the alternative KEL transcripts existed in different samples, mostly caused by abnormal splicing, among them, skipping of exon 3 and a 16 bp insertion of intron 6 at the beginning of exon 7 were the most frequent. Although only one band was observed after amplifying the exons 1-19 from total RNA, the sequencing result showed it was a mixture of different sequences. There was strong expression of Kell glycoprotein on red cells except K0, but no or low expression on leucocytes by flow cytometry.

CONCLUSIONAlternative transcripts of KEL gene exist in different cells, which would be responsible for different Kell glycoprotein expression patterns on different cells. This study suggested that reticulocyte RNA was more suitable than total RNA for molecular study of KEL gene transcription.

Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA ; genetics ; Exons ; genetics ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Introns ; genetics ; Kell Blood-Group System ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; blood ; genetics ; Reticulocytes ; cytology ; metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

【Objective】 To analyze the influence of β-lactam antibiotics on RBC aging and clearance by detecting various indicators of aging and clearance on RBCs, as well as the differences in phagocytosis for erythrocytes before and after drugs treated in vitro. 【Methods】 RBCs were treated by β-lactam antibiotics, including Penicillin, Cefepime, Cefoperazone and Ceftazidime, and the changing of phosphatidylserine (PS) and clearance related CD markers, including CD35, CD47, CD55 and CD59 on the surface of the RBCs, were detected by flow cytometry at 0h and 24h after drugs treatment. The proportion of acanthocytes by microscope also at 0h and 24h after drugs treatment was calculated. The phagocytosis of drug-treated RBC was detected by monocyte monolayer assay (MMA). Untreated RBCs were incubated in PBS by the same condition as a negative control.The influence of β-lactam antibiotics on RBC aging and clearance by all the results above was studied. 【Results】 Compare to the untreated RBCs, the drug treated RBCs showed a higher PS level on the cell surface. The results showed by percentage as following(0 h vs 24 h): Penicillin 9.42% vs 93.30%, Cefepime 3.88% vs 57.27%, Cefoperazone 4.71% vs 75.75% and Ceftazidime 3.05% vs 43.19%. The acanthocytes ratio was as following(0 h vs 24 h): Penicillin 7.33% vs 86%, Cefepime 2.67% vs 52.67%, Cefoperazone 3.33% vs 67.67% and Ceftazidime 3.33% vs 90.67%. On the opposite, the clearance related CD markers, showed an obviously lower level after drugs treated(0 h vs 24 h): CD35: Penicillin 7.36% vs 11.87%, Cefepime 0.14% vs 28.51%, Cefoperazone 11.85% vs 21.55% and Ceftazidime 7.63% vs 8.73%; CD47: Penicillin 1.22% vs 9.13%, Cefepime 1.80% vs 0.86%, Cefoperazone 0.08% vs 6.85% and Ceftazidime 1.54% vs 5.50%; CD55: Penicillin 14.46% vs 44.31%, Cefepime 17.27% vs 38.41%, Cefoperazone 19.28% vs 33.28% and Ceftazidime 14.62% vs 34.13%; CD59: Penicillin 4.71% vs 20.56%, Cefepime 4.03% vs 7.60%, Cefoperazone 5.91% vs 22.38% and Ceftazidime 5.93% vs 30.89%. Drug-treated RBCs attached more to monocytes than untreated RBCs. 【Conclusion】 The β-lactam antibiotics could induce the changing of PS and the clearance of related CD markers on surface of RBCs. They also could lead acanthocytes and make the RBCs more susceptible to phagocytosis by monocytes. The β-lactam antibiotics could promote the RBCs aging and clearance, which might deteriorate the DIIHA.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the value of serum IgA/C3 ratio in the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy and explore its relationship with the clinicopathological features of the patients.

METHODSSixty-six patients with IgA nephropathy, 111 with other glomerular diseases, and 40 healthy control subjects without kidney disease were tested for serum IgA and C3 levels using CRM470 adjusted standardized immune turbidimetric method, and the IgA/C3 ratio was calculated. According to Oxford and Lee's classification criteria, we analyzed the pathological grades of the renal biopsy samples from patients with IgA nephropathy. The ROC curve was used to assess the value of serum IgA and IgA/C3 ratio in predicting IgA nephropathy.

RESULTSPatients with IgA nephropathy had an elevated serum IgA/C3 ratio than those with other glomerular diseases and the control subjects, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.776. An elevated serum IgA/C3 ratio was not found to significantly correlate with the pathological grade of renal biopsy samples in patients with IgA nephropathy.

CONCLUSIONIn the absence of renal biopsy findings, serum IgA/C3 ratio can help in the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy.

Biopsy ; Case-Control Studies ; Complement C3 ; analysis ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; blood ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A ; blood ; Kidney ; pathology

【Objective】 To establish human hybridoma cell lines, secreting monoclonal antibody against antigens of Rh blood system, from a donor with rare D--phenotype. 【Methods】 Peripheral blood B lymphocytes of an O type female donor, lacking C/c/E/e antigens on her erythrocyte, were transformed with Epstein-Barr virus (EBVs). EBVs were harvested from the cultural supernatant of B95-8 cells. The transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) secreting antibodies to C antigens were picked up and then hybridized with the myeloma SHM-D33 using electric fusion technique. Hybridoma cells were selected by HATD-Ouabain(HOTD)(Hypoxantine, Aminopterin, Thymidine, 2-Deoxycytide, and Ouabain)culture medium, microplate antibody screening and limited dilution subcloning. The monoclonal antibody was assayed by serological test and was confirmed by flow cytometry (FCM). 【Results】 From the cultural supernatant of D--peripheral blood transformed B lymphocytes, 3A6-C6, which agglutinated with R1R1(DCe/DCe)O-type RBCs but not with R2R2(DcE/DcE)O-type RBCs, was screened and preliminarily identified as anti-C. We established a hybridoma cell line secreting anti-C immunoglobulin M from B cells of D--individual successfully after hybridization with SHM-D33 myeloma cells. 【Conclusion】 The study had laid the groundwork for future research and development of human monoclonal antibodies against Rh antigens of RBC in future for diagnosis and screening purpose.