[Abstract ]Objective:To estimate dental maturation norms of permanent dentition in a group of Nanjing children using Nolla's tech-nique.Methods:549 cases of panoramic radiographs (279 males and 270 females)of Nanjing children at the age range of 3 to 16 years were collected for the study.All permanent mandibular teeth on the left side (except for the third molars)were scored according to Nolla's method,and data were presented in tables and used to plot dental maturation curves for the Nanjing boys and girls.Results:Females were found to be more advanced in the degrees of dental development.Dental maturation is significantly associated with chron-ological age (for males and females:r =0.959,P <0.001 and r =0.953,P <0.001,respectively).The mathematical model of them was established,and then the fitting equation was obtained.Conclusion:The dental maturation curve and chronology of permanent dentition can provide the growth norms of permanent teeth for Nanjing children and facilitate the way for dentists to assess the growing children during diagnosis and treatment planning.

Objective: To study the relationship between primary tooth discoloration and caries in preschool children. Methods: 675 preschool children enrolled from 5 preschools in Suzhou City, China were examined for dental caries and tooth surface stain. Parents completed the questionnaires about their children's eating habit and living habit. The relationship between primary tooth discoloration and caries was analyzed with the respect to diet, hygiene, and the use of medicine or medical supplements. Results: Of the 675 children, 117(17. 3％; 52 boys and 65 girls) had tooth discoloration with no significant differences between gender(P＞ 0. 05). In the 117 children with tooth discoloration, 36(30. 8％) had dental caries, and in the 558 children without tooth discoloration 325 had caries (58. 2％, between the 2 groups, P＜ 0. 05). The incidence of discoloration was related with the frequency of consuming pigmented foods, vegetable and Chinese herbal medicines(P＜ 0. 05). The frequency of brushing teeth, use of water purifier and the water intake quantity were not significantly associated with discoloration of the teeth(P＞ 0. 05). Conclusion: The discoloration of primary teeth was negatively correlated with caries in primary teeth. Intake of pigmented food and medicine, vegetable and Chinese herbal medicine is related to tooth discoloration in preschool children.

Objective:To investigate the application effects of flipped classroom combined with mini-clinical evaluation exercise (Mini-CEX) evaluation on the cultivation of clinical ability of professional postgraduates majoring in clinical medicine.Methods:A total of 32 trainees, the professional postgraduates majoring in clinical medicine integrated with standardized residency training who rotated in the Department of Neurology, The Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University from January 2019 to January 2020 were selected and divided into control group and the experimental group, with 16 ones in each group. The control group were taught with the traditional standardized residency training program, while the experimental group were assessed by Mini-CEX evaluation once every two weeks combined with flipped classroom in stages on the basis of the control group. At the end of the training, the application effects of these two teaching methods were evaluated by theoretical knowledge and clinical comprehensive ability (including 7 aspects of medical history collection, physical examination, clinical diagnosis, treatment plan, medical ethics, doctor-patient communication and overall evaluation). SPSS 22.0 was used for t test. Results:At the end of the training, the scores of theoretical knowledge in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group [(89.83±3.93) points vs. (85.75±5.34) points], with statistical differences ( P<0.05). For the clinical comprehensive ability, the scores of history collection, physical examination, clinical diagnosis, treatment plan, doctor-patient communication and overall evaluation were higher in the experimental group than in the control group ( P<0.05), except for the medical ethics. Conclusion:The application of flipped classroom combined with Mini-CEX evaluation improves the teaching quality and strengthens the clinical comprehensive ability of students, which is worth promoting in clinical practice.

Objective: To describe the spatial and temporal characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS) in permanent residents and migrants in Shanghai during 2005 to 2015 and provide suggestions for the HIV/AIDS prevention. Methods: The data of HIV/AIDS was collected from the National HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Information Management System based on report date. The population data was collected from the statistical yearbook of Shanghai. Spatial analysis was conducted using the hotspots model in ArcGIS. SaTScan software was employed to determine the distribution of HIV clusters in space, time or both. Results: During 2005 to 2015, a total of 13 498 cases of HIV/AIDS were reported in Shanghai. The prevalence of HIV increased from 0.025/10⁵ (450 cases) to 0.093/10⁵ (2 236 cases). The prevalence of AIDS increased from 0.002/10⁵ (32 cases) to 0.028/10⁵ (683 cases). Hotspot analysis showed that the hot spot of incidence of migrants had moved from Hongkou (2005) (Z=2.96, P=0.003) to Changning (2006-2015) (all Z>1.96, P<0.05); whereas the hot spot of incidence of permanent residents had moving from Jinshan (2005-2007) (all Z>2.58, P<0.01) to downtown area (2006-2015) (all Z>1.96, P<0.05). The spatial high clusters of HIV and AIDS were same, including Huangpu, Xuhui, Changning, Jingan, Putuo, Hongkou and Yangpu; The temporal high clusters of HIV cases among permanent residents were 2011 to 2015, and the spatial clusters were Huangpu, Xuhui, Changning, Jingan. The temporal high clusters of HIV cases among migrants were 2014 to 2015, and the spatial clusters was Xuhui, Changning, Jingan. Conclusion The total HIV/AIDS incidence in Shanghai was clustered in downtown area. The cluster of the incidence of the permanent residents had moving towards that of migrants, indicating the cluster area deserves a close surveillance.

Objective: To report an investigation of a family cluster of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) in Ningbo, so as to provide reference for the prevention and control measures. Methods: According to the COVID-19 Prevention and Control Program ( fourth version ) , an epidemiological investigation was conducted to collect the demographic information, clinical features and exposure history, to find the close contacts, and to figure out the source and route of infection. Results: Twelve confirmed cases and one asymptomatic case were reported. The attack rate was 16.05%. Among them, five were males and eight were females; the age ranged from 11 to 85 years old, with a median of 39 years old; most had mild symptoms. The incubation period was 2-13 days, with a median of 6.5 days. The first case ( Case 1 ) developed the symptoms on January 22, and had close contact with Zhang, an asymptomatic case, on January 20. Zhang was related to a cluster in the Buddhist assembly on January 19. Case 1, who caused the spread of the epidemic among family members, participated in several family visits and dinners from January 22 to 27 with other 24 families, resulting in six secondary cases and six third-generation cases. There were 54 close contacts except the family members, no infection was found. Conclusion This family cluster may result from the close contact with an asymptomatic case, and then spread within families through having dinners and living together.

In recent years, with the rapid development of Chinese domestic surgical robot technology and the expansion of the application market, the "industry-university-research-medicine" collaborative innovation transformation mode has gradually developed and formed. Medical institutions play an important role in multi-party cooperation with enterprises, universities, and research institutes, as well as in product planning, technology research and development, achievement transformation, and personnel training. On the basis of reviewing the current situation of the development of the "industry-university-research-medicine" collaborative innovation transformation mode of domestic surgical robots, this study explores the multiple roles played by medical institutions in this mode and challenges, further putting forward corresponding recommendations.
Humans ; Robotics ; Universities ; Medicine ; Industry ; Technology

BACKGROUND: Textbook outcome (TO) can guide decision-making among patients and clinicians during preoperative patient selection and postoperative quality improvement. We explored the factors associated with achieving a TO for gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) after curative-intent resection and analyzed the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) on TO and non-TO patients. METHODS: A total of 540 patients who underwent curative-intent resection for GBC at the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2011 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate the factors associated with TO. RESULTS: Among 540 patients with GBC who underwent curative-intent resection, 223 patients (41.3%) achieved a TO. The incidence of TO ranged from 19.0% to 51.0% across the study period, with a slightly increasing trend over the study period. The multivariate analysis showed that non-TO was an independent risk factor for prognosis among GBC patients after resection ( P = 0.003). Age ≤60 years ( P = 0.016), total bilirubin (TBIL) level ≤34.1 μmol/L ( P <0.001), well-differentiated tumor ( P = 0.008), no liver involvement ( P <0.001), and T1-2 stage disease ( P = 0.006) were independently associated with achieving a TO for GBC after resection. Before and after propensity score matching (PSM), the overall survival outcomes of non-TO GBC patients who received ACT and those who did not were statistically significant; ACT improved the prognosis of patients in the non-TO group ( P <0.05). CONCLUSION Achieving a TO is associated with a better long-term prognosis among GBC patients after curative-intent resection, and ACT can improve the prognosis of those with non-TO.
Humans ; Middle Aged ; Gallbladder Neoplasms/pathology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Prognosis ; Hepatectomy ; Cholecystectomy