Objective To discuss how to identify the nerve and prevent the injury of the nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery. Methods The clinical data of 3078 patients undergoing thyroid resection were retrospectively analyzed. Results From January 1981 to December 2001,3078 thyroidectomy was performed at our department with the routine exploration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.4241 recurrent laryngeal nerves were identified,among them there were 12 nonrecurrent laryngeal nerves(0.28%,12/4241),ofwhich all were right-sided.One patient was male and 11 female.Of these 12 cases,there were 2 of type Ⅰ(16.67%,2/12),6 of type Ⅱ(50%,6/12)and 4 of type Ⅲ (33.33%,4/12).One ofthe type Ⅰ patients suffered from intraoperative injury of his nonreurrent laryngeal nerve.Conclusions The careful intraoperative identification of the nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve helps prevent it from the inadvertent injury.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological features, pathologic diagnosis and differential diagnosis of florid vascular proliferation (FVP) of the intestinal tract.Methods:Ten cases of FVP of the intestinal tract diagnosed from 2010 to 2020 at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center were collected. The histomorphology and immunohistochemical staining were evaluated and the relevant literature was reviewed.Results:There were five males and five females, aging from 28 to 76 years (mean 51.0 years; median 50.5 years). Five cases occurred in the colon, three cases in the small intestine, and one each case in the inguinal region and cecum. Clinically, the patients mainly presented with abdominal pain, diarrhea and hematochezia. Seven of nine patients with imaging data showed associated intussusception. Microscopically, the lesion presented lobular growth of florid proliferation of small vessels extending through the bowel wall. The vascular channels were lined with bland endothelial cells with no nuclear atypia and infrequent mitoses. The overlying mucosa showed chronic ulceration. Immunohistochemically, endothelial cells of FVP were positive for CD31, CD34, ERG and Fli1, the stromal spindle cells expressed SMA, and the Ki-67 proliferation index was low (5%-30%). None of 4 patients with follow-up information had local recurrence.Conclusions:FVP is a rare benign vascular proliferation lesion which often occurs in the intestinal tract and is associated with intussusception. Accurate pathologic diagnosis of FVP requires close combination of radiological examinations. FVP is easily misdiagnosed as a true vascular tumor, especially angiosarcoma. It is necessary to better understand FVP to avoid misdiagnosis.

Grooming,as an evolutionarily conserved repetitive behavior,is common in various animals,including humans,and serves essential functions including,but not limited to,hygiene maintenance,thermoregulation,de-arousal,stress reduction,and social behaviors.In rodents,grooming involves a patterned and sequenced structure,known as the syntactic chain with four phases that comprise repeated stereotyped movements happening in a cephalocaudal progression style,beginning from the nose to the face,to the head,and finally ending with body licking.The context-dependent occurrence of grooming behavior indicates its adaptive significance.This review briefly summarizes the neural substrates responsible for rodent grooming behavior and explores its relevance in rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases with aberrant grooming phenotypes.We further emphasize the utility of rodent grooming as a reliable measure of repetitive behavior in neuropsychiatric models,holding promise for translational psychiatry.Herein,we mainly focus on rodent self-grooming.Allogrooming(grooming being applied on one animal by its conspecifics via licking or carefully nibbling)and heterogrooming(a form of grooming behavior directing towards another animal,which occurs in other contexts,such as maternal,sexual,aggressive,or social behaviors)are not covered due to space constraints.