Objective To find out the factors which would be likely to affect the occurrence of lactation mastitis.Methods 216 patients with lactation mastitis,who met our grouping criteria,were chosen for survey and clinical data collection.Their age,time of onset,mode of delivery,post-partum colostrum time,mastering of breast-feeding skills,feeding habits,occurring site of their mastitis and other data were input into SPSS 17.0 software,respectively,to perform retrospective analysis.Results Patients' average age and their age of first breast-feeding were all 30 years old ; the average age of their first pregnancy were 27 years old.Their initial post-natal breast-feeding was about 2 to 4 days.The onset of incidence of mastitis was about 28 days post-natal.First,second and third pregnancy patients represented 1/3 of the total patients respectively.63.4％ patients had cesarean delivery and only 36.6％ patients had vaginal delivery; 91.7％ were outpatients and 8.3％ patients were inpatients.10.6％ patients had abscess and 89.4％ patients hadn't.The distribution ratio of inflammation in the upper outer,lower outer,lower inner and upper inner quadrants of the breast was 30.6％,48.1％,19％,2.3％ respectively.If the mode of delivery is considered as a factor to investigate incidence time of mastitis and postpartum colostrums time,no significant difference between the two groups was found (P ＞ 0.05).Our survey indicated that 79.2％ patients did not have any knowledge of breastfeeding,8.8％ patients got the breast-feeding knowledge from their mothers,11.6％ patients got the breastfeeding knowledge from books or web resources,only 0.5％ of the patients participated in the training of breast-feeding.76.9％ patients never had breast massage,19％ of patients had a few times of massage,2.8％ of patients had occasional massage,and only 1.4％ of patients had regular breast massage with the help of their family.85.6％ patients didn't have their breasts emptied from breast-feeding to incidence of mastitis,11.6％ patients occasionally emptied their breasts,and only 2.8％ of patients can ensure one side of the breasts emptied daily.56.5％ patients used lying position with the lower breast as the most common breastfeeding posture,37％ patients used sitting position,only 6.5％ of patients used lying position with the upper breast.The correlation analysis of breeding posture and occurring site of lactation mastitis revealed that the Spearman coefficient was-0.14,P value was 0.04,which is statistically significant,suggesting there is correlation between occurring sites of lactation mastitis and breeding posture.Conclusions Mothers need to master breast-feeding skills including breast massage,breast milk emptying and breast-feeding postures to prevent the occurrence of mastitis.Furthermore,gravity probably affects the occurring sites of mastitis through its impact on patients' preferred breast-feeding postures.

Objective To establish the quality standard of Qingshen Granules. Methods Thin-layer chrmatography was used to identify Rheum officinale Baill., Hedyotis Diffusa Wild. and Coptis chinensis Franch.. The contents of rhein, emodin and chrysophanol were determined by HPLC. The HPLC consisted of Kromasil C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), methanol-0.1% phosphonic acid (70∶30) as mobile phase, flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, detection wavelength at 245 nm, and the column temperature was 30 ℃. Results The results of TLC showed that relevant spots were clear without interference against the negative sample. The calibration curves for rhein, emodin and chrysophanol were found to be linear within the range of 0.003 3-0.42 μg (r =0.999 9), 0.008 0-0.51 μg (r=1.000 0), 0.009 9-0.32 μg (r=1.000 0), respectively. The average recoveries were 98.84%, 99.04% and 100.35% with RSD of 1.30% (n=6), 1.34% (n=6) and 1.89% (n=6), respectively. Conclusion The methods are accurate and quick in qualitative identification and quantitative assay, and can be used for the quality control of Qingshen Granules.

Objective To establish a stable animal model for sequentially dynamic and direct monitoring of the skin wound infection. Methods The mice with full-thickness skin incisions were replicated. After immediate subcutaneous suture,the mice were randomly divided into four groups,ie,Group A was inoculated with 50 μl sterile PBS solution),Groups B,C and D were inoculated with 50 μl suspension containing 1 × 106,1 × 108 and 1 × 1010 colony forming unit (CFU)/ml bioluminescent methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) respectively.Then,the diet behavior of each group was observed and the mean weight and mortality of each group were also recorded at different time points.The bioluminescent intensity of fluoresce in the wounds was recorded at different time points by using the charge-coupled device (CCD) based imaging system.Local wound tissues were incised at 24 hours after inoculation for HE staining so as to observe wound inflammatory reaction in each group.Wound healing time of each group was also recorded. Results ( 1 ) Average weight:Groups A and B showed unobvious changes in weight; Group C lightened until day 3 after inoculation and then recovered gradually to the preinoculation level at day 14; Group D lightened gradually until death.(2)Mortality:Groups A and B had no death; Group C had 10％ deaths at day 14; Group D had 100％ deaths.(3) Bioluminescent intensity of wounds:Groups A and B showed a gradual weakened luminescence since the day of inoculation and had almost complete disappearance at days 5 and 7 respectively; there was no sign of obvious increase or decrease in Group C from the day of inoculation till day 14 ; Group D had a gradual increase since the day of inoculation and the luminous area expanded until the death.(4) HE staining at 24 hours after inoculation:all the four groups showed inflammatory cell infiltration,especially in Groups C and D.(5) Wound healing time:wound healed at days 5 and 7 after inoculation in Groups A and B; the wounds showed no healing even at day 14 in the Group C,but the wounds length and area did not show obvious enlargement or diminishment ; the wounds extended gradually until the death in the Group D,since the day of inoculation. Conclusions The inoculation of 50 μl suspension with 1 × 108 CFU/ml bioluminescent MRSA to full-thickness skin incision rats allows direct,real-time dynamic and continuous detection of the occurrence and development of the wound infections.The infection model is easy to make and has stability and high repeatability.

Objective To compare the saccharometabolism with the pancreatic islets functions and insulin resistance index in children with severe stress. Methods Thirty children with severe stress and 30 healthy children in control group were tested. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS) and fasting C - peptide (FCP) were detected by radioimmunoassay respectively and insulin sensitivity index (ISI), insulin resistance index (IR) and fasting blood cell function index (FBCI) were calculated statistically. Results There were significant differences between the children with severe stress and the normal controls in the levels of FINS, FCP and FBG,(all P0.05). Conclusion There is insulin resistance with the significant decrease in the insulin sensitivity index and significant increase in insulin resistance index in the children with severe stress, which may cause the disorder in glucose metabolism in children with severe stress.

Objective To investigate the extent of axillary lymph node dissection which can not only ef-fectively evaluate the axillary status but also reduce the complications to the minimum in early stage breast can-cer. Methods 331 patients with early breast cancer surgically treated from Jan. 2011 to Dec. 2013 were retro-spectively analyzed. Their preoperative axillary state was evaluated. They undertook sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) by pure methylene blue dye method and frozen section examination during surgery. According to the ex-tent of axillary lymph nodes dissection, patients were divided into SLNB group (98 cases) and intercostobrachial nerve level lymph node dissection (ILND) group (233 cases). The pros and cons of the operation were compared. Results The sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) labeled by methylene blue were located under the intercostobrachial nerve level. The average number of SLN and intercostobrachial nerve level lymph nodes were 5.64+1.68 and 13.34+3.61 respectively. The detection rate and the false negative rate of SLNB was 97.42% and 2.58% respec-tively. The medium follow-up was 27.5 months. There was no significant difference in postoperative complications including upper limb paresthesia, swelling or limitation of shoulder activity between the two groups. Conclusion ILND is an effective and suitable surgical method in early breast cancer patients with failed intraoperative SLN labeling or with one SLN metastasis.

Objective To explore the relationship of dynamic changes between the iodine nutritional condition and growth of children born before and after the implementation of universal iodine.Methods By means of sampling investigation,urinary iodine and goiter,height,weight,intelligence quotient(IQ)were comprehensively evahated in children aged 7～14 years old born before and after the implementation of iodine in 10 counties and 2 cities of Qiannan.Results The median of urinary iodine of children Was 91.88μg/L in 1984,133.33μg/L in 1994,316.00μg/L in 2006;goiter rate was 21.40%(122/570)in 1984,12.86%(107/832)in 1994,5.28%(45/851)in 2006;the average IQ was 89.18±4.10 in 1994,94.26±0.94 in 2006;children in each age group in 2006 has a higher height and a heavier weight compared with those in 1984.Conclusion The physical development and intelligence of children in the areas of iodine deficiency have improved along with the correction of iodine deficiency.

Objective:To investigate the expression of fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) and related inflammatory factors in the serum of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods:A case control study was conducted. The patients with AECOPD admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from November 2016 to January 2020 were enrolled. The patients were divided into mild group [forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio (FEV1/FVC) < 0.70, FEV1 percentage in predicted value (FEV1%) ≥ 80%], moderate group (FEV1/FVC < 0.70, 50% ≤ FEV1% < 80%), and severe group (FEV1/FVC < 0.70, 30% ≤ FEV1% < 50%) based on their lung function test results, with 20 patients in each group, and 20 patients with normal pulmonary function who underwent elective non-thoracic surgery such as gastrointestinal surgery and orthopedics surgery in the same period were selected as controls. The demographic data, FEV1/FVC, FEV1%, FVC, maximum mid-expiratory flow percentage in predicted value (MMEF%), 6-minute walking test (6MWT), and St George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score were recorded respectively. Serum levels of FGF7, interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between TNF-α and lung function.Results:Compared with the normal pulmonary function group, the levels of FEV1/FVC, FEV1%, MMEF% and 6MWT in the mild, moderate and severe groups were significantly decreased, and the SGRQ scores were increased, the indicators continued to deteriorate with the aggravation of the disease, the statistical differences were found between severe group and normal pulmonary function group [FEV1/FVC: 0.39±0.09 vs. 0.81±0.04, FEV1%: (38.80±6.28)% vs. (109.58±13.80)%, MMEF%: (0.34±0.14)% vs. (2.69±0.99)%, 6MWT (m): 279.00±41.61 vs. 402.85±53.97, SGRQ scores: 34.95±6.71 vs. 2.60±2.06, all P < 0.05]. Compared with the normal pulmonary function group, the levels of FGF7 in the mild, moderate and severe groups were significantly lowered (ng/L: 6.31±2.65, 6.10±1.39, 6.64±1.77 vs. 8.29±3.51, all P < 0.05), but no significant difference was found among the mild, moderate and severe groups (all P > 0.05). Compared with the normal pulmonary function group, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly increased in the mild, moderate and severe groups, and TNF-α increased with the aggravation of the disease, the statistical difference was found between severe group and normal pulmonary function group (ng/L: 7.42±2.28 vs. 3.83±0.92, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in IL-1β level between the normal pulmonary function group and the mild, moderate, severe groups. Correlation analysis showed that TNF-α was negatively correlated with FEV1/FVC and FEV1% ( r values were -0.350 and -0.527, respectively, both P < 0.01). Conclusion:In AECOPD patients, serum FGF7 was decreased, while IL-6 and TNF-α were increased; however, with the aggravation of the disease, there was no significant change in the level of FGF7 in the peripheral blood, but the TNF-α level might be increased, accompanied by severe damage of small airway function.

ObjectiveTo compare the clinical results between minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar(mini-TLIF) and posterior open surgery in treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis.MethodsFrom March 2008 to August 2010,a total of 49 cases with lumbar spondylolisthesis underwent surgical intervention were retrospectively analyzed,including 23 cases with mini-TLIF and 26 with open surgery.Operation time,intra-operative bleeding,and radiation exposure times were recorded.Pre- and postoperative back pain was assessed by visual analogue scale(VAS),and lumbar function was evaluated by Oswestry disability index (ODI).The clinical results were assessed by Macnab criterion,and the pre and postoperative radiologic parameters were compared.ResultsThe mean follow-up time was 11 months(ranged,9-22).Both groups got good clinical results and satisfactory radiologic parameters.The group of mini-TLIF was superior to the group of open surgery in intra-operative bleeding,VAS of the second day postoperatively and the willingness of reoperation(P＜0.05).The ODI in the patients with open surgery were decreased from 31.2％±8.2％ to 16.1％±6.8％ corresponding to the pre-oporation and the final follow-up.The ODI in the patients with mini-TLIF were decreased from 34.4％±11.7％ to 15.3％±4.3％ corresponding to the pre-operation and the final follow-up.There is no significant difference of the change of ODI between two groups (t=0.673,P=0.412).The group of mini-TLIF need more operation time and were exposed to more X-ray when compared to the open surgery group(P＜0.05).ConclusionMini-TLIF and open surgery can both get satisfactory clinical outcomes in treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis.Mini-TLIF was superior to open surgery in intra-operative bleeding and VAS of the second day postoperatively,but it needs more operation time and radiation exposure.

Apoptosis of abnormal oocytes is essential for defective oocyte elimination during prepubertal ovary development, and the ubiquitin system regulates the cell apoptosis via the degradation of specific proteins. Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) is a component of the ubiquitin system, and the UCH-L1-dependent apoptosis is important for spermatogenesis. In the present study, the change in the number of follicles and the expression of UCH-L1 in oocytes were determined in prepubertal mouse ovaries by immunohistochemical techniques. A significant decrease in the follicular pool was found in prepubertal mouse ovaries during the period of day 21 to day 28 after birth, and accordingly, the UCH-L1 protein expression was increased, to some degree in association with Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (Jab1) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kipl). The increased UCH-L1 protein, together with the corresponding changes of Jab1 was detected in morphologically abnormal oocytes of prepubertal ovaries. Through the immunofluorescent colocalization, UCH-L1 was shown concentrating in abnormal oocytes, and a parallel change in Jab1 was also seen. The affinity analysis confirmed the interaction between UCH-L1 and Jab1 in ovaries. These results suggest that UCH-L1 plays an important role, possibly in association with Jab1 and p27(Kipl), in selective elimination of abnormal oocytes during mouse prepubertal development.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Female ; Mice ; Oocytes ; cytology ; Ovary ; enzymology ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the factors involved in the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and to provide the preliminary data for the evaluation of current criteria for ROP screening.

METHODPremature infants with birth body weight (BBW) ≤ 2000 g or gestational age (GA) ≤ 34 weeks in the two hospitals in Zhejiang between March 2005 and November 2008 were recruited and examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy. The records were analyzed.

RESULTOne thousand two hundred and twenty-five premature infants were included. Of them, 713 were male and 512 female. There were 179 twins and 21 triplets in the premature infants. The incidence of ROP was 10.8% (132 in 1225 patients). There were 12 cases (0.98%) to the point of pre threshold ROP. 4 cases (0.3%) developed threshold ROP. Only one case developed pre threshold ROP of low risk among 65 cases without history of oxygen treatment (1.5%). The percentage has significant difference compared to that of cases with history of oxygen (χ(2) = 5.115, P < 0.01).Between ROP and Non-ROP groups, there was significant difference in BBW(F = 26.39, P < 0.001), gestational age (F = 19.73, P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in sex (χ(2) = 0.279, P > 0.05) or twins and triplets (χ(2) = 3.449, P > 0.05). The incidence of ROP among premature infants with BBW ≤ 1000 g was more than three times of that with BBW > 1000 g, and the incidence of ROP among premature infants with GA ≤ 28 weeks was about 2.5 times of that with GA > 28 weeks. Logistic regression analysis indicated that less BBW or shorter GA or undulation of blood oxygen concentration was a significant risk factor involved in the development of ROP (r = 0.57, P < 0.05). All ROP patients were cured.

CONCLUSIONLess BBW, shorter GA and undulation of blood oxygen concentration are the important risk factors for the development of ROP. Premature infants with BBW ≤ 1000 g or GA ≤ 28 weeks, who had oxygen history, should be given very special attention in the ROP screening. The current criteria for ROP screening should be narrowed. In general, the ROP screening has lowered the incidence of blindness among children by investigating and treating ROP timely.

China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Male ; Neonatal Screening ; Retinopathy of Prematurity ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Risk Factors