Type 2 diabetes is a polygenic and complex disease.Various approaches, including association analysis, positional cloning, positional candidate gene approach and genome-wide association analysis, were used to identify its susceptible genes.This article summarized the recent findings on susceptible gene mapping of type 2 diabetes.

Background:In recent years, there has been rapid growth in pharmaceutical spending in China. In addition, the country faces many challenges with regards to the quality, pricing and affordability of drugs. Pricing and reimbursement are important aspects of pharmaceutical policy that must be prioritised in order to address the man-y challenges. Methods:This review draws on multiple sources of information. A review of the academic and grey lit-erature along with official government statistics were combined with informa-tion from seminars held by China's State Council Development Research Center to provide an overview of pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement in China. Results:Pricing and reimbursement policy were analysed through a framework that incor-porates supply-side policies, proxy-demand policies and demand-side policies. China's current pharmaceutical policies interact in such a way to create dysfunction in the form of high prices, low drug quality, irrational prescribing and problems with access. Fi-nally, the country's fragmented regulatory environment hampers pharmaceutical policy reform. Conclusions:The pri-cing and reimbursement policy landscape can be improved through higher drug quality standards, greater market con-centration, an increase in government subsidies, quality-oriented tendering, wider implementation of the zero mark-up policy, through linking reimbursement with rational prescribing, and the promotion of health technology assess-ment and comparative effectiveness research. Addressing broader issues of regulatory fragmentation, the lack of trans-parency and corruption will help ensure that policies are created in a coherent, evidence-based fashion.

Objective: To establish Candida albicans vaginitis in mice and explore the best modeling conditions to provide an economical and practical animal model of Candida albicans vaginitis.Methods: After given estradiol valerate respectively at low, medium and high dose (0.001 5, 0.015, 0.15 mg/10 g) by gavage for continual 7 days, Kunming female mice were inoculated Candida albicans to establish the vaginitis model.The amount of Candida albicans in vaginal lavage fluid was analyzed and the vaginal pathological changes were observed.Results: The colony count in vaginal lavage with estradiol valerate at low, medium and high dose was 124.67±19.01, 217.67±22.50 and 282.00±27.87, respectively, and compared with that in the high dose group, there were significant differences in the medium dose group and low dose group (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).HE staining and PAS staining showed that the high dose group had more polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) infiltration and purple red line hypha.Conclusion: Estradiol valerate at high dose is the best modeling condition for Candida albicans vaginitis in mice.

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of soluble E-cadherin (sE-cad) and E-cadherin (E-cad) in acute leukemia (AL), and to explore their relationship with the pathogenesis,development and diagnosis of extra-myeloid leukemia. Methods 87 newly diagnosed or relapsed AL patients (19 cases of L1, 29 L2, 14 M2, 20 M3, 4 M4, 1 M5) were collected from hospitalized patients in hematology department of Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital. The plasma from 20 healthy volunteers was used as control group. The bone marrow was from 15 non-AL patients hospitalized in hematology department (7 cases of thrombocytopenic purpura, 4 iron deficiency anemia, and 4 fever). The expression of sE-cad in the plasma of 47 patients and 20 healthy volunteers was detected by ELISA; the expression of E-cad on the membrane surface of bone marrow MNC in 40 patients and 15 controls was determined by flow cytometry. Results The plasma level of sE-cad in AL group was significantly higher than that in healthy control group [(66.812±52.712) ng/ml vs. (17.976±14.206) ng/ml, P<0.01]. The plasma level of sE-cad in extra-myeloid infiltration AL group was significantly higher than that in no-extra-myeloid infiltration AL group [(83.545±60.759) ng/ml vs. (42.152±22.043) ng/ml, P<0.01]. The plasma level of sE-cad in high leukocytes AL group was higher than that in no-high leukocytes AL group [(85.166±57.828) ng/ml vs. (41.933±32.064) ng/ml, P<0.05]. The percentage of E-cad expression in AL group was significantly lower than that in control group [(13.615±14.038) % vs. (31.700±16.213) %, P<0.01]. The percentage of E-cad expression in no-extra-myeloid infiltration AL group was significantly higher than that in extra-myeloid leukemia infiltration AL group[(18.691±14.917) % vs. (6.589±8.959) %,P<0.01]. The percentage of E-cad in no-high-leukocytes AL group was significantly higher in high leukocytes AL group [(20.925±12.081) % vs. (7.446±11.118) %, P<0.01]. Conclusions The expression of E-cad on the membrane surface of bone marrow MNC and the expression of sE-cad in plasma may be closely associated with the occurrence of extra-myeloid leukemia and leukocytosis, which may be one of the important molecular mechanisms of leukemic cell infiltration and leukocytosis. High expression of sE-cad in plasma can be treated as one of index to diagnose extra-myeloid leukemia.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of trimetazidine combined with salvia ligustrazine injections in the treat-ment of unstable angina in coronary heart disease with type 2 diabetes. Methods:Totally 76 patients of unstable angina with type 2 di-abetes were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group with 38 cases in each. The control group received trime-tazidine on the basis of the conventional treatment, 20mg,po,tid, while the patients in the observation group received salvia ligustrazine injections additionally, 10ml, ivd,qd. The treatment course was 2 weeks, and the clinical efficacy, blood fat, blood rheology and the other indices were observed after the treatment. Results:After the treatment, the effective rate of the control group and the observation group was 65. 79% and 86. 84%,respectively with statistically significant difference(P<0. 05), the improvement of blood fat and blood rheology in the observation group was better than that in the control group (P<0. 05), the angina frequency and duration, and nitroglycerin consumption in the observation group was significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0. 05). Conclusion:The combination application containing trimetazidine and salvia ligustrazine shows exact clinical efficacy with promising safety and compli-ance, which is valuable in the clinical application.

Objective:To investigate the value and effectiveness of the case-based learning assisted by several internet platforms for medical interns in interactive teaching for undergraduate students in the clerkship of cardiovascular surgery.Methods:Ninety-six undergraduates were randomly divided into control group ( n = 48) and experiment group ( n = 48). The control group received traditional teaching, and the experiment group received case-based learning with the aid of WeChat and Sojump questionnaires. The theoretical and clinic operating scores, classroom atmosphere, learning interest, learning efficiency, learning ability improvement, theoretical knowledge mastery and clinical skills improvement were were compared between the two groups. SPSS 19.0 was used for t test and chi-square test. Results:The clinic operating scores, classroom atmosphere, learning interest, learning efficiency, learning ability improvement, theoretical knowledge mastery and clinical skills improvement were statistically higher in experiment group than in control group ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:The application of case-based learning combined with internet platforms has achieved a good teaching effect in interactive teaching for undergraduate students in the clerkship of cardiovascular surgery and is worthy of popularizing.

?Retinoblastoma is a common eye malignant tumor which has high degree of malignancy.The traditional treatment methods are destructive, and the prognosis is poor. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1αhighly express in retinoblastoma and regulate the development and progression of retinoblastoma ( by influencing the proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells and involving in the generation of vascular mimicry ) . This article reviewed the role of hypoxia inducible factor-1αin the development of retinoblastoma which will initiate a new avenue for the treatment of retinoblastoma.

Objective To study the characteristics of the variations of formaldehyde concentration in indoor air of newly decorated living rooms. Methods The formaldehyde concentrations in indoor air of newly decorated rooms were determined with model 4160_2 formaldehyde analyzer during the different periods after decoration. Results At the 10th minute after closing all the windows and doors in the newly decorated rooms, the formaldehyde concentrations of indoor air exceeded the standard nearly as high as 2 times, reached 51% of the peak concentration at the 30th minute, and reached the peak concentration (0.652 mg/m 3) at the 420th minute, then decreased gradually with the prolongation of periods after decoration and accorded with the sanitary standard in the 4th month after decoration. The whole study was carried out at the indoor air temperature of 27.8～29.9 ℃. Conclusion The indoor air pollution by formaldehyde was serious in newly decorated living rooms. The ventilation should be enhanced during the first 4_month period after decoration, so that the formaldehyde concentration could be decreased gradually.

Objective To evaluate the effect of twaist circumference(WC)on the blood pressure,lipid and glucose metabolism. Methods A baseline investigative data from community intervention target population for cardiovascular disease in Liuzhou was used. There were 7 660 residents (male was 3 894,female was 3 766),average aged 40.5?12.2 years. Their height,weight,WC,blood pressure,fasting plasma lipid and fasting plasma glucose(FPG) were detected. By WC length,they were divided as M

Objective To study the absorption and transportation of flavonoids in Herb Epimedii by using Caco-2 monolayer model. Methods Caco-2 cell monolayer model was used to study the bi-direction transport of icariin, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, and baohuoside Ⅰ. The concentration of the five flavonoids in cell culture medium was measured by UPLC and the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) were calculated. Results The absorptive permeability coefficients (PAB) of icariin, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, and baohuoside Ⅰ were 5.91?10-7, 3.22?10-7, 2.76?10-7, 4.23?10-7, and 1.46?10-6 cm/s, respectively. Except baohuoside Ⅰ, the other four flavonodes had lower permeabilities, and the secretive permeabilities (PBA) of all the flavonoids were larger than their absorptive permeabilities. Among them, the PBA of baohuoside Ⅰ was 9.8 times as much as the PAB. Conclusion The results suggest that the intestinal absorption of the five flavonoids is lower, which might have efflux mechanism by transporters, and the absorption of monloglycoside (e.g. baohuoside Ⅰ) is better than that of diglycoside (e.g. icariin) and triglycoside (e.g. epimedin A, epimedin B, and epimedin C).