Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most popular and disturbing sexual problems, which impairs patients' health and affects their quality of life. Sildenafil citrate, the first oral PDE-5 inhibitor in the world, has established its efficacy and safety credit in both doctors and ED patients. The authors reviewed the results of related studies in the last decade and made deeper insights into the use of sildenafil citrate in such aspects as the general drug tolerance and its influence on the cardiovascular system, potentiality of concomitant diseases with co-administration of other drugs, long-term safety, and ocular and genital safety.
Erectile Dysfunction ; drug therapy ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Humans ; Male ; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Piperazines ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Purines ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Retrospective Studies ; Sildenafil Citrate ; Sulfones ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use

Objective To compare the safety and efficiency of nasogastric ( NG ) feeding with nasojejunal (NJ) feeding in treating severe acute pancreatitis ( SAP).Methods The terms NG tube,NJ tube,SAPand enteral nutritionwere used for literature search in PubMed , Embase, Cochrane Library, WanFang and CNKI databases and the publication deadline was June 1, 2016.Random effect model was used for Meta analysis .Results A total of 5 random clinical trials involving 264 patients ( 136 in NG group and 128 in NJ group ) were included .There was no statistical difference on the incidence of adverse events (mortality:RR=0.77, 95%CI 0.42~1.41, P=0.39; infection complications: RR=0.77, 95%CI 0.45~1.30, P=0.39; digestive complications: RR=1.26, 95%CI 0.73~2.16, P=0.41; stopping nasogastric proportion:RR=0.66, 95%CI 0.10~4.10, P=0.65;MODS rate:RR=0.98, 95%CI 0.71~1.35, P=0.90; the percentage of energy balance: RR=1.00, 95%CI 0.97~1.03, P=0.39 and the average length of hospital stay:RR=0.98, 95%CI 0.71~1.35, P=0.90).Conclusions NG feeding was safe and effective , which was comparable with NJ feeding .NG feeding was more convenient with a higher clinical value .

Conjunctiva goblet cells are spread out within a stratified epithelium, and keep ocular surface homeostasis by secreting mucin.Previous research has shown conjunctiva goblet cells can secret mucin, remove debris and modulate ocular surface immune function.In this review, we will focus on biological characteristics of conjunctiva goblet cells and the effect of key factors SAM pointed domain Ets factor(SPDEF) on differentiation and function of conjunctiva goblet cells, and further understand relationship between goblet cells and eye health.

Objective To discuss the molecular mechanism of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in tumor and to assess its value to identify pathologic type and cancer staging in patients with earlystage nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods Forty patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma of early-stage,including 12 cases with T1 stage and 28 cases with T2 stage, underwent FDG PET imaging.The maximum standardized uptake value ( SUVmax ) and mean standardized uptake value ( SUVmean ) of FDG uptake of each patient were measured and compared between T1 and T2 stage by t-test.The expression of glucose transport protein 1 ( Glut1 ) and hexokinase- Ⅱ ( HK- Ⅱ ) of each case was measured in paraffin sections by streptavidin-perosidase (SP) immunohistochemistry.The positive expression rate of Glut1 and HK- Ⅱ was calculated and compared between T1 and T2 by x2 test.Meanwhile, the correlation between the expression of Glut1 or HK-Ⅱ and the SUVmax was tested by Pearson analysis.Results The SUVmax and SUVmean in 40 patients were 9.45 ± 1.87 and 6.04 ± 1.09, respectively.The SUVmax of patients with T1 stage (8.95 ± 1.91 ) was significantly lower (t =4.46, P＜0.001 ) than that of patients with T2 stage (11.55 ± 1.70), and the SUVmean of patients with T1 stage (5.61 ± 1.08) was significantly lower ( t = 6.76, P ＜ 0.001 ) than that of patients with T2 stage (7.98 ± 1.10) too.Among 40 patients, all patients showed positive expression of Glut1 and HK-Ⅱ , and the positive expression rate of Glut1 and HK-Ⅱ was ( 45.2 ± 10.9 )% and ( 68.3 ±9.5)%, respectively.The positive expression rate of Glut1 was (38.4 ±8.1)% in T1 stage and (49.7 ±12.6)% in T2 stage, which displayed no difference (x2 =40.58, P＞0.05), but the HK-Ⅱ positive expression rate showed significant difference (x2 =58.71, P＜0.05) between T1 stage (60.1 ±11.1)% and T2 stage (77.9 ± 14.7 )%.The correlation analysis indicated that there was low-degree positive correlation (r =0.369, P=0.019) between the SUVmax and Glut1 expression, and there was medium-degree positive correlation (r = 0.549, P = 0.001 ) between the SUVmax and HK-Ⅱ expression.Conclusion Expression of Glut1 and HK-Ⅱ was positively correlated with FDG uptake in patients with early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertriglyceridemia ; blood ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Uric Acid ; blood

OBJECTIVETo investigate the epidemiological changes of erectile dysfunction (ED) patients in the past five years.

METHODSIn 2003 and 2008, we conducted two questionnaire investigations on the epidemiological changes of ED outpatients in 11 Chinese cities in such aspects as age, disease course, ED severity, smoking and drinking habits, accompanying hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD), and sexual intercourse satisfaction.

RESULTSAccording to the valid copies of the questionnaire collected (808 in 2003 and 858 in 2008), the age pattern of the ED patients hardly changed in the past five years, over 60% aged 30 - 50 years. Compared with the results obtained in 2003, the second investigation showed obvious increases in the following numbers of the ED patients: by 13% in those with longer disease courses (5 - 10 yr), from 24.1 to 42.9% in those with moderate ED, from 20.4 to 29.9% in those with severe ED, by at least 10% in those with smoking and drinking habits, from 11.5 to 16.2% in those with hypertension, from 9.4 to 13.5% in those with diabetes, and from 57.6 to 73.3% in those without sexual satisfaction, while the number of those with CHD did not change significantly.

CONCLUSIONIncreased unhealthy living habits and erectile function impairing diseases have added to the incidence and severity of ED. There is still much work to be done in the prevention and early treatment of ED.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Erectile Dysfunction ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Outpatients ; Penile Erection ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population

Migration of adventitial fibroblasts (AF) is involved in the neointimal formation which is one of the common pathological processes in several vascular diseases. The observation of whether the migratory response of AF from hypertensive animal is different from that of controls may provide an explanation of vascular remodeling in hypertension. We examined whether there is any difference between the migratory activity of AF derived from spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and that from their normotensive counterpart Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). In addition, the role of osteopontin (OPN) in cell migration was also examined. Primary cultures of aortic adventitial fibroblasts were derived from SHR and age-matched WKY. Migration of fibroblasts was determined with the Transwell method. The mRNA expression level of OPN was measured by a real-time quantitative PCR. When compared with WKY-derived cells, migration of adventitial fibroblasts from SHR exhibited an increased response when stimulated by 10% serum (cell number per field 35.20+/-5.26 vs 22.2+/-3.27, p<0.05). Chemotaxis induced by 10 ng/ml bFGF showed a similar difference (cell number per field 30.23+/-4.54 vs 19.20+/-4.47, p<0.05). We also found that SHR-derived fibroblasts expressed a higher level of OPN mRNA than the cells from WKY (1863.23+/-43.91 vs 326.24+/-68.29, p<0.01). To verify if OPN is associated with the enhanced migratory ability in AF from SHR, we designed the antisense oligonucleotide of OPN. The results showed that the antisense OPN oligonucleotide significantly inhibited AF migration (cell number per field 38.60+/-5.98 vs 26.61+/-3.84, p<0.05), while sense and mismatch OPN oligonucleotide had no effect on cell migration. Therefore, the migration of adventitial fibroblasts appeared to be enhanced in cultures derived from SHR. OPN might be involved in the difference observed.
Animals ; Aorta ; cytology ; Cell Movement ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Fibroblasts ; cytology ; Hypertension ; physiopathology ; Male ; Osteopontin ; Phosphoproteins ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR ; Rats, Inbred WKY ; Sialoglycoproteins ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVESTo establish the chronic prostatitis symptom index which more suitable for Chinese to refine and standardize evaluation of current symptoms in men with "chronic prostatitis".

METHODSThe literature of previous work was reviewed to develop a symptom index instrument. There were 18 questions representing three broad categories: pain symptoms, urinary symptoms and other symptoms. To evalute the clinical utility and applicability for Chinese people of this tool, we used it in 100 patients with chronic prostatitis and 100 control patients (40 with benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH; 30 with infertility; 30 with erectile dysfunction).

RESULTSOf the three aspects symptoms, the primary component was pain. But pain in lower back and lower abdomen had less specificity. Pain in the rectal area was not very common but it could well distinguish patients with prostatitis from those BPH, infertility and ED. Urinary symptoms were also common. We used 5 symptom questions in urinary aspect in the last version of this index. In other symptoms, we dropped the question of uncomfortable of waist and back at last. It could not distinguish patients with prostatitis from those infertility and erectile dysfunction. Finally we analyzed the result and modified the new version of chronic prostatitis symptom index. It included 5 pain symptom questions, 5 urinary symptom questions and 2 other symptom questions. There are 12 questions in total.

CONCLUSIONSThe chronic prostatitis symptom index we developed was validated and useful in clinical practice as well as research protocols. Moreover, it was more suitable for Chinese people.

Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pain ; etiology ; Prostatitis ; ethnology ; physiopathology ; Severity of Illness Index

OBJECTIVETo gain a deeper insight into the benefits of oral tadalafil for patients with erectile dysfunction (ED).

METHODSFrom January 2008 to June 2009, we conducted a nationwide survey on the quality of male erectile function among the outpatients under the direction of the Chinese Association of Andrology. A total of 205 ED patients were prescribed oral tadalafil and accomplished a questionnaire investigation after 4 weeks of medication. We compared various parameters of the patients before and after the treatment.

RESULTSFour weeks of oral tadalafil medication achieved a total rate of effectiveness of 85.9% (176/205). The proportion of those with moderate to severe ED was decreased from 67.8% (139/205) before medication to 16.6% (34/205) after it. Those who enjoyed sexual life were increased from 21.5% (44/205) before medication to 84.9% (174/205) after it. Only 1.0% (2/205) of the patients could achieve grade 4 penile hardness before the treatment, as compared with 60.5% (124/205) after it. And the frequency of sexual intercourse was significantly increased, over 4 times in 90.2% (159/205) of the patients.

CONCLUSIONOral tadalafil, with its sure effectiveness on ED, can bring great benefits to the sexual life of ED patients.

Adult ; Carbolines ; therapeutic use ; Erectile Dysfunction ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Penile Erection ; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tadalafil ; Treatment Outcome