Western developed countries have already made multi-site physician practice a mainstream in their physicians'regulatory system,which remains however at the beginning stage in China during the ongoing health reform since 2009.This article justified the significance of this practice,then analyzed its main roadblocks encountered in China,and in the end proposed countermeasures in terms of better awareness,better policy support and practicality of the practice.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a cluster analysis method applied in plant classification and the identification and assessment of traditional Chinese medicine.METHODS:The raw data of the shape,the chemical composition and the UV-spectra data of plants were collected,and these data were assigned with values in accordance with the binary assignment then subjected to a cluster analysis.RESULTS:The 11 species of plants under study were accurately classified into the proper categories by the new method.CONCLUSION:By this method,the analytic data are comprehensive and the conclusion is detailed and reliable,which serves as the supplement and development for traditional cluster analysis method.

Many researches have focused on the wnt-frizzled cascade in the recent years, while much work has been done in neoplastic diseases and embryology, the role of the wnt-frizzled signal transduction pathway in cardiovascular diseases has only recently begun to be explored. It plays a very important role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as its transduction pathway, the healing after myocardial infarction, the proliferation, differentiation and orientation of cardiomyocytes, angiogenesis/neovascularization, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, the deposition of the extracellular matrix and so on. This article is aimed at its relation with myocardial infarction and the role of this pathway in cardiovascular diseases.[

Objective:To explore the relationship between wearing of functional appliance and systemic metabolism of PGE2 in the blood of growing rats.Methods:54 male Wistar rats aged 4-weeks were randomly divided into 3 groups(n =18):Daytime group,all-day group and control group.Self-guided functional appliance was made for mandible advancement of the rats in the 2 experimental groups.One week after appliance wearing,rats were sacrificed at the corresponding time points and blood in femoral artery was taken. PGE2 levels in the blood samples were measured,data were analysed by cosine equation.Results:Hypothesis was true in the control group(P ＜0.05),and was not true in both 2 experimental groups(P >0.05).Conclusion:PGE2 level in rat blood is circadian rhyth-mic,wearing of functional appliance made may disturb the rhythm.

Objective To better understand students' professional perception,humanistic education status quo and their preference to different humanistic education methods.Methods Questionnaire was conducted for 990 undergraduate students (2006 grade- 2010 grade) at medical school of Shanghai Jiao Tong university.SPSS 17.0 statistical software was used to analyze results of the questionnaire.Results Nearly 45％ students chose to major in clinical medicine out of personal interest.The identification of students for humanistic quality was lower than that for clinical knowledge and skills.More than 50％ students believed doctors were with high humanistic quality and there was a gap between students′ action and their understanding of the medical career identity and medical humanistic cultivation.More than 50％ students preferred activities that train medical and auxiliary skills.Nearly 67％ students also showed a shallow reading habit from regular internet surfing.Conclusion The professional perception of medical students are influenced by both social and historical factors influence.The gap between understanding and action is a consequence of current humanistic educational system.The humanistic educational methodology should conform to the psychological and s~ial characteristics of contemporary students.

In order to study the effects of ethyl pyruvate on cardiomyocyte apoptosis following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in vitro and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins, isolated rat hearts were perfused in a Langendorff model. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=8 in each group): control group was perfused for 120 min. In the I/R group, after 30 min stabilization the injury was induced by 30 min global ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion. Ethyl pyruvate (EP) group was set up with the same protocol as I/R group except that it was supplied with 2 mmol/L EP 15 min before ischemia and throughout reperfusion. Myocardial malonaldehyde (MDA) content was measured. Myocardial apoptotic index (AI) was tested by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. The expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic protein Bax in cardiac myocytes was detected by immunohistochemistry. As compared with control group, the content of MDA, myocardial AI and the expression of Bcl-2, Bax proteins were increased significantly in I/R group, but the content of MDA, myocardial AI and the expression of Bax protein were decreased obviously and the expression of Bcl-2 protein was up-regulated in EP group (P<0.05). These results demonstrate that EP could inhibit apoptosis of cardiac myocytes possibly via alleviating oxidative stress, up-regulating Bcl-2 and down-regulating Bax proteins.
Apoptosis ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Malondialdehyde/pharmacology ; Myocardium/*pathology ; Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology ; Oxidative Stress ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/*metabolism ; Pyruvates/*pharmacology ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; Tissue Distribution ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/*metabolism

Objective To investigate the correlation between executive function(EF) and characteristic of symptom in children with Tourette′s syndrome(TS).Methods EF were measured with Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST) in 53 patients with TS,and symptom characteristics were evaluated with Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL) and Yale Global Tic Severity Scale(YGTSS).Results Compared with healthy control,TS had poor executive performances significantly in WCST(all P

ObjectiveTo assess rat behavior, observe apoptotic morphology of neurons and measure expression of caspase-3 in substantia nigra(SN) of Parkinson's disease(PD) animal model. Methods6-OHDA was stereotacticly injected into the right striatum of the rats at two sites to produce PD models. After 5 weeks, the behavior tests including modified Morris Water Maze and narrow beam test were measured. Then tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) histochemistry, Hoechst 33258 staining, Western blotting for caspase-3 in right substantia nigra was separately conducted.ResultsEscape velocity significantly decreased and its latency was obviously enlarged in modified Morris Water Maze, and the latency and total time in narrow beam test were also markedly increased (P<0-05) in 15 successful PD rats compared with either the sham group or the normal group. Furthermore, there were obvious less TH-positive neurons in lesioned SN while more apoptotic cells appeared there. In addition, the expression of caspase-3 was highly upregulated in lesioned SN.Conclusion6-OHDA induced neuronal apoptosis in SN is associated with high levels of caspase-3, and the results of rat behavior tests are correspondent with the morphological changes including TH immunohistochemistry and Hoechst 33258 staining. Thus modified Morris Water Maze and narrow beam test are beneficial for assessments of effects of new drugs in PD animal model.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes of peripheral-type benzodiazepine recepors (PBRs) in brain mitochodria and in platelet membrane in aging rats. MethodsMale Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3- and 24-month groups. All animals were sacrificed by decapitation and the brains were immediately removed. Mitochondrial components from dissected cerebral cortex were isolated. The membrane of platelets from venous blood was prepared by the method of hypotonic hemolysis. The specific binding assay of the radioactive PBRs antagonist ［3H］PK11195 to membrane was performed. Scatchard analysis was performed to estimate the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) and the maximal binding site density (Bmax). ResultsA significant increase in ［3H］PK11195 binding activity in the mitochodria from cerebral cortex in 24-month rats was observed compared to that in 3-month rats(P<0-001). Meanwhile, the Scatchard analysis revealed that there was an increase in Bmax, with a significant increase in Kd in 24-month rats. The same change of ［3H］PK11195 binding activity was noted for platelet membrane in 24-month rats(P<0-001).ConclusionThe density of PBRs increases in cortex mitochondria in aging rats, but the binding affinity of PBRs decreases which may be attributable to the progressive pathogenesis of aging in rats. ［3H］ PK11195 binding activity of platelet membrane might reflect the change of PBRs in the brain tissue.

ObjectiveTo observe the imitation of menopause and the change of spatial cognition in mice administrated with D-galactose and to evaluate the molecular mechanism of estrogen to protect the function of hippocampal neurons.MethodsAdult female C57BL/6 mice were bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) and subcutaneously treated with D-galactose (100 mg/kg). In estrogen replacement therapy(ERT) mice were i.p. administrated with E2 (50 μg/kg). It took 8 weeks to induce the model and treat with ERT. Morris water maze was used test the function of spatial learning and memory. Estrogen and oxidative stress enzymes were detected by kit. 8-oxo-dG was immunohistochemical stained, and the expression of MTH1 in brain hippocampus was detected by Western blotting.ResultsThe level of E2 in blood in model group was one fifth of that in Sham group(P<0-01), and E2 level obviously increased in ERT group; the escape latency significantly prolonged in model group(P<0-01), and obviously shortened in ERT group(P<0-05). SOD and GSH-Px significantly reduced and MDA obviously increased in model group(P<0-05); and approached normal in ERT group. 8-oxo-dG as a DNA oxidative damage marker was obviously increased in the hippocampus of model group. However, the expression of DNA repair protein MTH1 significantly reduced(P<0-05), and both of them returned to normal in ERT group(P<0-05).ConclusionEstrogen can improve the function of spatial cognition in aging mice model by repairing the DNA damage of hippocampal neurons.