Objective To obtain a two-dimensional evaluation result of the quality of examination paper on fundamental nursing and the students' performance,so as to find the weakness and problems in teaching and learning,and to put forward some suggestions.Methods With the S-P chart analytic system which was designed by using the technology of Excel VBA,we made an analysis of 164 papers of fundamental nursing.Results Both the P-curve and S-curve were in the lower right corner.There wasn't any long vertical line in P-curve.There wasn't any long horizontal one in S-curve either.Caution index of 4 questions and 15 students exceed 0.75.The totality difficulty index of the paper was 0.79.The suitability index was 0.43.The stability index was 0.48.Conclusions Propositional contents about physician orders management,gastric lavage,administering medication,observation of disease and pain need to be reformed into both wide coverage and clear focuses.There are no faults in students' grades.Different learning levels do exist,but with little difference.S-P chart affords multiplex and huge amount of information.Its graphics and parameters help to analyze both the students' and teachers' performance from the macroscopic and microcosmic angle,so as to make teachers self-reflective on teaching fundamental nursing and producing papers from various aspects.

Objective To assess the reliability and validity of standardized facial photographs under natural head position (NHP) in assessment of mandibular asymmetry cases. Methods Standardized facial photographs (SFP) and posteroanterior cephalometry (PAC) were taken under natural head position from 25 mandibular asymmetry eases (14 boys and 11 girls), aged 14 to 29 years old. Distances from 8 landmarks to the vertical reference line were measured. The difference and the asymmetry ratio of two sides were calculated respectively. The relationship between the measurements of SFP and PAC were compared, and the repeatability of landmarks was assessed. Results Six measurements were significant different between two sides, 3 from SFP and 3 from PAC. Measurements from two ways were correlated a cer-tain extent. The repeatability of landmarks was satisfied. Conclusion Measurements from standardized facial photographs under NHP pres-ent a clinical useful method to quantify mandibular asymmetry.

The determination of fraxetin A and fraxetin B in Cortex Fraxini have been carried out by HPLC on the stationary phase:octodecyl-silicohydride bonded silica gel column. The mobile phase was methanol-water(24:76). The detection wavelength was at 348nm. There was a good linear relationship in a concentration range of 16?g/ml~176?g/ml. The correlation coefficients were 0. 9995 and 0. 9994,respectively. The recovery of the added sample were 99. 1 ?1. 5% (n=5) for fraxetin A and 99.8?2. 5%(n=5) for fraxetin B. This method showed 0. 8% of within-day accuracy and 6. 2% of between-day accuracy,involving the advantages of simplicity,quickness and accuracy.

Objectives:To evaluate the role of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and jejunostomy in postoperative critical patients. Methods:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and jejunostomy procedures were performed in 22 postoperative critical patients.Indication, procedure-related complication, technical success and clinical outcome were reviewed. Results:The technical success was 100% and there were no death and serious complication.PEG/J feeding tubes was used for enteral nutrition for more than 30 days in 21(95%) of 22 patients. In 3 patients (14%) , local cleansing, drainage and intravenous antibiotics were used for the infection of PEG site. PEG/J tube dysfunction occurred in 6 patients (27%). Conclusions:PEG/J is a safe, minimal invasive, and effective procedure for enteral nutrition in postoperative critical patients.

Recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide(rhBNP) is a synthetic peptide,its role is similar to endogenous brain natriuretic peptide,with effects on expanding blood vessel,diuretic,natriuretic,anti-sympathetic nervous system,decreasing plasma aldosterone and endothelin,also with characteristic of depress urization while neither speeding up the heart rate,nor activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.A number of studies had confirmed that recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide was effective in the treatment of Congestive Heart Failure(CHF),it could effectively improve the cardiac function,reduce the cardiac load and reverse left ventricular remodeling.It is now put on to market and applied in clinical treatment of Congestive Heart Failure.The article introduces rhBNP pharmacologic action,the relationship with CHF,and the research progress on the treatment of CHF.

Objective To evaluate the effect of OTD(observation-teaching-discussion) method in teaching of kinesiology of rehabilitation medicine.Methods 110 students majoring in rehabilitation medicine were divided into two groups,routine teaching group(56 students) and OTD teaching group(54 students),and the teaching effect was evaluated by exam score and questionnaire.Results There were obvious difference in the exam score and questionnaire between two groups(P<0.01).Conclusion In the teaching of medical rehabilitation,OTD method is more advantageous than routine method in bring up students' study interest,the initiative spirit,and the ability of self-study and analyzing.

Objective To illustrate the different levels of fundamental nursing skills of undergradu ate nursing students,and explore the characteristics of the assessment method.Methods With descriptive statistics,one-way analysis of variance after rank transformation,and multiple comparison (Scheffe),we made an analysis of 1 340 assessment records of fundamental nursing skills.Results The score distributions of all the skills,but the skill of measuring vital signs,conformed to Gaussian distribution.The overall distribution shaped in peak state and was negative skewness,showing bias towards 70 to 90 score levels.The score levels of 60 and 70 were significantly higher than that of their surrounding levels.The scores of aspiration of sputum,oxygenic therapy and aseptic technique were the lowest,while the scores of closed bed making and intramuscular injection were the highest.Conclusions The score distribution of fundamental nursing skills is rational,which shows the methods of teaching and assessment are generally believable.But the individual bias cannot be ignored.The majority of students get high grades.Different levels do exist among different skills because of abstract or concrete characteristics and principal matters.

Clinical diagnosis and treatment of constipation lags behind relatively with unsatisfactory efficacy. Pathogeneses and molecular mechanisms for different types of constipation are waiting to be further clarified. New biomarkers and therapeutic targets for clinical diagnosis of constipation are so urgent. As for current problems in diagnosis and treatment of constipation, it is necessary to use the concept of translational medicine to break existing imprisonment of thinking, and find out new thinking ways of research methods, diagnosis and treatment approaches, thereby improving diagnosis and treatment levels.
Constipation ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans ; Translational Medical Research

Acute Disease ; Humans ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; diagnosis ; etiology ; microbiology ; virology

Objective: To discuss the management principles and skills for treatment of intractable ureterostenosis under ureteroscope. Methods: Our management experience on 19 patients with intractable ureteral stenosis was retrospectively analyzed. The 19 cases included urological TB-caused multiple ureteral stenosis, oncothlipsis to ureters from intestinal tract or gynecology, restenosis 3 months to 12 years after pelviureteric junction plasty, operative site stenosis after ureterolithotomy, double ureter back flow accompanied by stenosis, ureter imperforation after renal parenchyma lithotomy without placing double "J", ureter imperforation 3 months after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy due to ureterolith, tubal bladder stoma stenosis after renal transplantation, restenosis after tubal bladder stoma due to distal ureterostenosis, and so on. All the patients were treated under ureteroscope. The management methods included: the Wolf 8/9. 8 CH12° and Wolf 6/7. 6 CH5° ureteroscope was used as a dilator to dilate the stenoses; balloon expanding under ureteroscope was used to dilate the stenoses; the ureter pliers was used to expand the stenoses to different directions; the cold knife was used to open the stenoses; if the diameter of stenoses were smaller than the that of the ureteroscopes, F4. 5 or F3 double "J" tubes were inserted guided by a wire under ureteroscope; and 2 or 3 weeks later, a larger tube or two tubes were introduced into the stenoses already dilated partly by the former tube. Results: Ureteroscopic method failed in treating 2 patients in our group and succeeded in treating all the other patients. The outcomes of patient were fine during 2 months to 3 years' follow-up. Conclusion: It is difficult to treat patients with intractable ureterostenoses. With good experience in manipulation of ureteroscope, the flexible application of several techniques according to the different conditions of different patients can guarantee successful treatment in most patients.