The increasing number of drug-resistant pathogens is a global issue and becoming worse because it has reduced the effectiveness of current antibiotics in the management of infectious diseases. Therefore, this situation highlights the urgency of an action plan to identify and develop novel and potent antimicrobials derived from natural resources. Therapeutic compounds from natural resources can offer novel, straightforward approaches against pathogenic bacteria with the least toxic manifestations and a low risk of acquiring resistance. Marine organisms and coastal plants receive much interest among researchers nowadays for developing new pharmaceuticals because they are rich in secondary metabolites that have various pharmacological effects, such as antibacterial, anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and others. This review's goal is to highlight the phytochemical components of marine organisms and coastal plants that might be accountable for their antibacterial properties that have been scientifically confirmed and can be potential aids in treating infectious diseases caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria in humans.

Aims: This study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatoid effects of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens derived surfactin. Methodology and results: Crude and biosurfactant extracts were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography to determine the presence of biosurfactant. Both extracts were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against the acetylcholinesterase and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes. Human synovial cells were induced with TNF-α and IL-1β. The percentages of the cell viability for both normal and induced cells were determined with an MTT assay. Results showed that surfactin was detected in the biosurfactant extract and demonstrated higher inhibitory effects compared to the crude extract against both inhibitory enzymes acetylcholinesterse (IC50=30.60 μg/mL) and lipoxygenase (IC50=110.10 μg/mL). Both crudes showed no cytotoxic effects at the highest concentration used (50 μg/mL) against normal human synovial cells but showed active reactions against the induced cells. The anti-proliferative effects of biosurfactant and crude extracts were in dose-dependent manner. Conclusion, significance and impact of study Notably, surfactin obtained from B. amyloliquefaciens has shown an inhibitory effect against pro-inflammatory enzymes and cell viability of the induced rheumatoid arthritis cell line. These results highlighted the therapeutic potential of surfactin application as an anti-inflammatory agent for arthritis treatment. Further study is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of surfactin.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ; Surface-Active Agents ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Rheumatoid Factor