INTRODUCTION:Uterine leiomyomas are the common smooth muscle tumors of female genital tract. Usually theirdiagnosis poses no problem. On the other hand leiomyosarcomas are highly malignant tumors.Distinction between the two poses no problem if the leiomyosarcoma shows significant dysplasia,however at times it may become a serious problem to differentiate between leiomyoma and well–differentiated leiomyosarcoma. Under such circumstances the mitotic count per 100 high powerfields considered by many as the most important criterion of distinction.MATERIAL AND METHODS:To investigate the role of mitotic activity in the growth of uterine leiomyomas, the mitotic count per100 high-power fields and the relation of this to the patient’s age (30 to 54 years) were examined intissue sections of leiomyomas from 130 surgically removed leiomyomatous uteri.RESULTS:The mean mitotic count in submucosal uterine leiomyoma was significantly higher (42.3%) than thatof the other location such as intermural and subserosal leiomyoma. We found the highest mitoticcount in a leiomyoma at the late reproductive aged women (46.1%) at early secretory phase. But therewas not a statistical correlation between women’s age and mitotic activity of uterine leiomyoma.CONCLUSION:Increased mitotic activity in leiomyomas under the late reproductive aged women suggests that thegrowth of these tumors is affected by progesterone level

Aim was to investigate expression of tumor suppressor P53 gene, proliferating Ki-67 protein inordinary and proliferating uterine leiomyomato establish possible usefulness of these two parametersin distinguishing between ordinary leiomyoma and proliferating leiomyoma. Retrospective study of49uterine leiomyoma (25 ordinary leiomyoma, 24 proliferating leiomyoma) technically acceptable foranalysis from years 2010–2013 department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and department of Pathology,Mongolian National University of Medical Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.MethodAll tissue specimens were obtained from surgically removed tumors. Tissue was fixed in formalinand cut to thickness of 5 mm from paraffin-embedded blocks. All haematoxylineosin slides and allimunohistochemical slides for each case were reviewed by two experienced pathologist.ImmunohistochemistryParaffin-embedded tumor sections were deparaffinized and stained in automated platformDakoCytomationusing monoclonal mouse anti-human Ki-67 antigen (Dako,Glostrup, Denmark), monoclonal mouse anti-humanP53 protein (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark).Immunohistochemicalanalysis of P53 and Ki67 expression was performed. Every nuclei stained brown,regardless of shade intensivity, was considered positive. The interpretation of immunohistochemicalstaining was expressed as number of positive cells in 100 cell count in most active area of the slide.Non-parametric analysis of variance Kruskal-Walistest was performed.P53 expressionExpression of P53 was negative in 24/24 ordinary uterine leiomyoma, 2/10 mitotic activity leiomyoma,11/15 cellular leiomyoma. Expression of P53 in 1–10% of cells showed 3/10(30%) mitotic activeleiomyoma and 1/15(6.6%) cellular leiomyoma. Expression in 10-70% of cells showed 5/10(50) mitoticactivity leiomyoma, 3/15(20%) cellular leiomyoma. A significant difference in expression of P53 wasseen between ordinary and proliferative (mitotic activity and cellular) uterine leiomyoma (p<0.007, Table1).Ki-67 expressionExpression of Ki67 was negative in 20/20 (100%) ordinary leiomyoma, 4/11(36.3%) mitotic activityleiomyoma and 7/18(38.8%) cellular uterine leiomyoma. 1–10% of cells were positive in 4/11 (36.6%)mitotic activity leiomyoma, and 5/18% cellular leiomyoma. Expression was positive in 10-70%of cellsof 3/11(27.2%) mitotic activity leiomyoma and 6/18(33.3%). Statistically significant differences in Ki67expression was found between ordinary leiomyoma and proliferating leiomyoma (p<0.014, Table 2) andbetween LM and LMS (p=0.000, Table 1).Conclusion:The findings of our study in concordance with other study results are helpful information establishingmore diagnostic criteria and parameters for diagnosis in doubtful cases between two entities.Immunoassaying for Ki-67 and P53 are such parameters. The panel of their expression in specific caseeases diagnosis.

BACKGROUND OF STUDY: According to WHO report estimation, 76.3 million people have been diagnosed with disorder related to alcohol use which has been root cause for over 60 types of disease in the world.1 Smoking causes death to4 million people every year, 11 people every day and 6 every minute. This number is estimated to double reaching 10 million by 2030.2 The study conducted by the ‘World Vision Mongolia’ international organization and the Anti-alcoholism and Drug Association of the Ministry of Justice show 76% of all teenagers has drunk alcohol to some extent. AIMS: To determine alcohol, tobacco and psychoactive drug use by school teenagers of Sukhbaatar district in Ulaanbaatar MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: The survey on inquiry of alcohol, tobacco and psychoactive drug use (ASSIST) was conducted among a total of randomly selected 800 (374 boys, 426 girls) students of 8-12th grade from 7 secondary schools of Sukhbaatar district. Statistical data was put into Microsoft office applications (excel, word) and processed by SPSS application with 95% of probability of information and 5.0% of trust level. RESULT OF STUDY: Out of all respondents 32% (256) use tobacco, 43.8% (350)alcoholic drinks, 2.6% (21)cannabis,1.1% (9) cocaine, 1.5% (12) amphetamine, 3%(24)volatile substance, 4.3% (34)sedative and tranquilizer drug, 0.6% (5)hallucinogenic drug, 0.5% (4) opioid, and 0.1% (1) uses other types of drug. Among the survey participants, there are a total of 214 teenagers (in duplicated number) who need short-term action and 2 teenagers who are smoker and need intensive treatment. CONCLUSION: Among total teenagers, the survey participants, 1 in 3 used tobacco, 1 in 2 alcoholic drinks and 1 in 7 used psychoactive drug. Male students smoke twice more than female students and there is no difference in use of alcoholic drink in both sexes. The alcohol and tobacco use among teenagers at the age of 12-18 who participated in the survey showed that they use more when they grow older. 1 in 4 students of all participants belongs to a group with average risk and needs intensive treatment.

Purpose: The etiology of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD) remains unknown until today. A few studies have suggested passive smoke inhalation may be a risk factor, although the association is not confirmed and a causal relationship has not been established. Most mothers who smoke during pregnancy may continue smoking after giving a birth, it would be difficult to determine to what extent passive smoke inhalation adds to the risk of LCPD in these children. The causes of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease are largely unknown, but this pediatric disease seems to result from interruption of the blood supply to the proximal femur and is considered a vascular disease. Because maternal smoking during pregnancy influences fetal development and is associated with cardiovascular diseases in offspring, we hypothesized that this exposure and passive Tabaco smoke exposure are risk factors for Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and also investigated other markers of impaired fetal development and early-life exposures. Methods: We prospectively recruited total 96 patients, among those 32 patients with LCPD as a case group and 64 patients attending the hospital for other orthopedic complaints as control group. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess the association between the exposures and risk of LCPD. Results: The main risk factors for LCPD were family background, indoor use of a wood stove, having a family member who smoked indoors (passive smoke) and smoke during pregnancy. Children from the middle socioeconomic group appeared to be at a greater risk of developing LCPD. Conclusions This study provides further evidence that environmental tobacco smoke is associated with an increased risk of LCPD. Family background and exposure to wood smoke also appears to be risk factors. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and other factors indicated by impaired fetal development may be associated with an increased risk of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. However, it remains unclear why there are profound differences in the incidence of the disease between regions when the prevalence of smoking is comparable and why bilateral involvement is infrequent, and it needs further study.

Introduction : In the last years other country scientists told about not only determine infant weights, need to interest correlation between maternal weight, height and infant weight. In our country few research articles posted about anthropometry of obstetrics and gynecology. Our study aim is determine maternal weight, infant weight, placenta weight and assess factors affecting roles on maternal story of “Amgalan” Maternity Hospital in 2014-2015. Goal: The current study aimed at assessing maternal weight, infant weight, placenta weight and evaluating the effect of factors leading to it. Materials and Methods: The data was already collected from “Amgalan” Maternity Hospital using maternal history and record and it was collected measuring general physical characteristics such as body weight and height, infant weight, placenta weight and body circumferences. We used retrospective method and collected statistical data was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software. Results: Of total 964 study participants aged 18-45. The average age of participants was 29.6 ± 5.8 years old and 49.7% (n=479) was working during pregnancy, 45.7% (n=441) hadn’t works, 4.6% (n=44) was student. The average weight of mothers was 75.4±11.5, weight of infants was 3439.5±456, weight of placenta was 685±129. The following factors affected maternal and infant weights: lower education, working, early and late pregnancy complication. Maternal weight had a low direct correlation with infant weight (r=0.267, p<0.01) and placenta weight (r=0.208, p<0.01). In our study maternal height had a low direct correlation with infant weight(r=0.173, p<0.01) and infant weight had a moderate direct correlation with placenta weight (r=0.376, p<0.01). Conclusions
1. The average maternal weight was 75.4±11.5, infant weight was 3539.5±456, placenta weight was 685±129.
2. The following factors affected maternal and infant weights: lower education, working status, early and late pregnancy complications.
3. Maternal weight had a little direct correlation with infant weight (r=0.267, p<0.01) and placenta weight (r=0.208, p<0.01).

<b>Introductionb> Gastric ulcer is one of the most common disorders considering the gastrointestinal tract, it affects 5% of the population around the world, so its prevention and management are considered very important challenges. Researchers have revealed several causes of gastric ulcer; these include an imbalance between aggressive and intrinsic defensive factors. Gastric ulcer is a very common gastrointestinal disease that may lead to dangerous complications and even death. The aggressive factors include non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs(NSAID),alcohol, psychological stress and Helicobacter pylori infection, cytoprotective intrinsic factors include mucosal blood flow, bicarbonate, mucus, cell renewal, growth factors, NO and prostaglandins, NSAID-induced gastric damage is known to be the most common and dangerous side-effect of these drugs and accounts for 25% of gastric ulcer cases.
Indomethacin (INDO) is considered to be the most common NSAID known to induce experimental gastric ulcer and has been documented to have a higher potential to cause gastric injury than other commonly used NSAIDs.
Most of the drugs which are used for wound healing are imported in Mongolia. It is required to develop drug formulation and increase local productions used for the treatment of wound healing. For the purpose of solving the above problems, we aimed to prepare new drug formulation from Cacalia hastata L. for the treatment. of wound healing. Cacalia hastata L. is a medicinal plant, member of the family Asteraceae. Cacalia hastata L. is widely used for the Mongolian traditional medicine to treat wound healing, gastric ulcer, poisoning fever, liver fever, bile fever, oral cavity, and gynecological diseases

Introduction: In 2018, the overall colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence rate was 3.6%, according to the National Cancer Center of Mongolia (NCCM), and the incidence of colorectal cancer has increased slightly in recent years. According to cancer stages, late stage cancer has a 5-year survival rate of 51%, while early stage cancer has a 5-year survival rate of 79%. The overall survival rate of colorectal cancer in Mongolia has not been studied in precisely. In Asia, the 5-year survival rate for colorectal cancer was 60%. Therefore, this study investigated the colorectal cancer survival rate and prognostic factors at NCCM. Methods: A total of 108 patients diagnosed with CRC at NCCM’s General Surgery Department from 2013 to 2015 were used in this retrospective cohort study. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to develop the survival graphs, which were then compared using the Log-rank test. Results: The median survival time was 42 months, with a 95% CI (38.55-45.66). A 5-year period, the overall survival rate for CRC was 61.2%. Survival rates at the I, II, III, and IV stages were 100%, 75%, 65.4%, and 13.5%, respectively. There was a significant difference in CRC survival rates across all stages (p=0.0001). There was a statistically significant difference in determining the relationship between adjuvant chemotherapy and survival rate (p=0.0003). Conclusion The outcome of the surgery is determined by the CRC stage. The postoperative survival rate (61.2%) is directly related to tumor stage, peripheral glandular metastasis, distant metastasis, and chemotherapy effects.

Background: Lower extremity arterial diseases are chronic stenosis of the artery and occlusive arterial diseases, which are commonly caused by atherosclerosis. Prevalence of lower extremity arterial diseases has positive proportional relationship with age of the patients. Furthermore, prevalence of lower extremity arterial disease is 16% among the males over the age of 60, whereas prevalence among same aged woman is 13%. Among the age group of 38 to 59 age, 60 to 69 age and 70-82 age group, prevalence of lower extremity arterial disease was 5.6%, 15.9%, and 33.8%, respectively. Goal: Identifying lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries by CTA-TASC classification of aorta-iliac and femoral popliteal lesions. Obiective:
1. To identify age and sex of the patients with lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries.
2. To identify lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries by CTA-TASC classification of aorta-iliac and femoral popliteal lesions. Material and methods: Study sample consisted of 237 patients, who were diagnosed with lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries from 2019 to 2020 at reference centre on Diagnostic Imaging na after R.Purev State Laureate, People’s physician and Honorary professor of the State Third Central Hospital. Computed angiogram images of lower extremity arteries were examined. Contrast agent “Ultravist” was pumped by automatic syringe. Lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries are categorized by CTA-TASC classification of аorta-iliac and femoral popliteal lesions. The youngest participant was 20 years old and the oldest participant was 76 years old. Common statistical measurements such as means and standard errors were calculated. Probability of results were checked using Student’s test. Results: We have found following results: 185(78.1%±3.0) cases out of 237 diagnosed patients with lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries are males and 52(21.9%±3.0) cases are female. Distribution of lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries by the age group of patients are: up to 20 years of age is 3 (1.3%±0.7), 21 to 40 years of age is 14(5.9%±1.5), 41 to 60 years of age is 86(36.3%±3.1) and over the age of 61 is 134(56.5%±3.2). It is statistically highly significant that experiencing lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries among the age group of over 61(P<0.001).
The result of lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries by the CTA-TASC classification of aorta-iliac and femoral popliteal lesions are: CTA-TASS аorta-iliac lesions A-16(6.8%±1.8), B-8(3.4%±1.2), C-12(5.1%±1.4), D-41(17.3%±2.5), CTA-TASS femoral popliteal A-41(17.29%±2.5), B-53(22.36%±3.6), C-47(19.83%±2.6), D-96(40.5%±3.2), respectively. Conclusions
1. Lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries occurs 46.5% over the age of 60 and 78.1% of the patients are males.
2. Following two categories have identified more than the rest, 17.3% CTA-TASC classification of аorta-iliac lesions, type D and 23.3% CTA-TASC classification of femoral popliteal lesions, type D.

Background: The American Heart Association estimates that more than 1 million people die each year from acute coronary heart disease and half a million from acute coronary syndrome, and that $ 115 billion a year is spent on diagnosing and treating coronary heart disease [Word Health Organization, 2013]. Goal: In this study we aimed to using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to diagnose unstable plaques in coronary artery disease. Material and methods: From 2018 to 2021, we performed a coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) scan with a Philips Ingenuity 64-slice computed tomography (64 MD-CT) device and examined 47 patients diagnosed with unstable coronary artery disease at the Reference centre on Diagnostic Imaging named after R.Purev State Laureate, People’s physician and Honorary professor of the State Third Central Hospital.
Common statistical measurements such as means and standard errors were calculated. Probability of results were checked using Student’s test. Result: In studying signs of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to diagnose unstable plaques in coronary artery disease that coronary artery diameters more widening to compared healthy artery 16(34.0%±6.9), low density sites clarify in plaque (lower than +30HU)- 14(29.8%±6.7), small calcification detect in plaque 36 (74.5%±6.4), ring liked additional density (lower than +130 HU) sees in edge of plaque (Halo sign)-9(19.2%±5.8), plaque edge roughness, erosion liked changes- 18 (38.3%±7.1), rupture of intima (dissection)- 8(17.0%±5.5). Conclusion We detect that computed tomography angiography (CCTA)’s specific signs of unstable plaque of coronary artery disease are coronary artery diameters widening, low density sites clarify in plaque (lower than +30HU), small calcification detect in plaque, ring liked additional density (lower than +130 HU) sees in edge of plaque (Halo sign), plaque edge roughness, erosion liked changes and rupture of intima.

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 99 percent of the world’s population is exposed to air that exceeds WHO recommendations, with low- and middle-income countries being the most affected. The main causes of indoor air pollution include human activities such as fuel burning, cooking, cleaning, and smoking; housing character istics such as walls, floors, ceilings, and furniture; ventilation; and outdoor air pollution. Aim : To assess PM1 and PM10 concentrations in 120 selected households in Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Methods : Indoor PM1 and PM10 concentrations were measured using Purple Air real-time sensors in randomly selected Ulaanbaatar households between October 2023 and January 2024. Supplementary data on factors af fecting the PM2.5 concentration were collected via questionnaires. Each measurement was taken in 10-minute intervals, yielding 51,309 data for analysis. Results : PM1 concentrations were measured at 55.5±53.2 μg/m³ in gers, 54.9 ± 46.7 μg/m³ in houses, and 31.6±40.1 μg/ m³ in apartments (p<0.001) and measuring PM10 concentrations were 110.6±108.6 μg/m³ in gers, 110.6±96.7 μg/m³ in houses, and 62.2±83.0 μg/m³ in apartments (p<0.001) When considering the concentration of PM1, PM10 by heating type, PM1 was 55.3±50.1 μg/m³ and PM10 was 110.6±103.0 μg/m³ in households with stoves and furnaces, and PM1 was 31.6±40.1 μg/m³ and PM10 was 62.2±83.0 μg/m³ in households connected to the central heating system (p<0.001). Regarding the months of measurement, the highest concentration was observed in December 2023, at 77.1±94.1 μg/ m³. The highest concentrations for both PM₁ and PM₁₀ were recorded in January 2024, at PM₁: 64.8±55.1 μg/m³, PM₁₀: 131.4±116.0 μg/m³. Conclusion 1. Indoor PM10 concentrations in residential environments in Ulaanbaatar city were within the MNS4585:2016 Air Quality Standard, however, it was exceeded the WHO air quality guidelines, indicating an excessive risk of increas ing morbidity and mortality among the population. 2. Indoor PM1 and PM10 concentrations in residential environments in Ulaanbaatar varies depending on location, type of housing, type of heating, and month of measurement.