In order to re-evaluate the mechanical efficiency during bicycle pedalling the total mechanical work (internal work + external work) and the energy expenditure were determined on four adult males (20-21 years) . The subject worked on a Monark bicycle ergometer with 6 different loads (0-5kp) at a constant pedal frequency of 50rpm. The internal work (W-int) to accelerate the leg itself was determined by a cinematographic procedure used by Fenn (1930) . With the data of external work (W-ext) and energy expended above resting (E_t-E_r), the‘true’efficiency has been calculated as
‘True’efficiency=W-int+W-ext/E_t-E_r×100
The result obtained was as follows : 1) The time course of kinetic energy due to leg movement was similar to those in walking and running reported previously. 2) The W-int at 0kp ranged in about 70-90kgm/min. In the mean values of four subjects the W-int tend to be constant at the loads from 0 to 3kp (about 80kgm/min), but increased appreciably at higher loads of 4-5k p (about 100-110kgm/min) . 3) The ratios of W-int to W-ext were about 20-30% at lkp, 10-20% at 2kp and 5-10% at 3-5kp. 4) The efficiency of leg movement only at Okp resulted in high values of about 40-85%, suggesting energy transfer between leg and inertia wheel. 5) The efficiency values at 1 to 5kp, ranging in 23.5-36.2%, appeared to show a maximum at intermediate work loads. 6) The‘true’efficiency so calculated did not largely differ from the efficiency calculated by conventional way ; 1.5-4% higher than the work efficiency, 2-5% higher than the net efficiency, and 3-5% higher than the apparent efficiency at intermediate loads.

Substrate utilization during 60 min of endurance exercise (50-60%VO₂max) performed in the morning and evening was compared in 11 subjects. After rising at 0600-0630 with a 10-h fast, they exercised without a meal (fasting) or after intake of 40g of carbohydrate feeding (snack) . In addition, subjects consumed curry and rice for lunch 4-h before exercise and exercised at about 1630 (evening) .
In the fasting trial, there was no significant change in plasma glucose (J 100.8 vs 93.0; R 101.0 vs 105.6 mg/dl) before and after exercise between the joggers (J) and the runners (R) . However, plasma glucose in only one subject, who had no night meal, decreased to less than 70 mg/dl. Also, although the plasma free fatty acid level was elevated by more than 50% in both groups, the highest value observed was 0.86 mmol/l. Therefore it was suggested that no subjects developed hypoglycemia and weakness that plasma free fatty acid was not markedly elevated during 60 min of endurance exercise after the fasting trial, whereas there was a tendency for plasma β-hydroxybutyrate to be increased in the joggers compared with the runners.
The availability of blood-borne substrates in the trial evening was characterized by a two-fold elevation (p<0.01) of the insulin level prior to exercise, a 10% decline in plasma glucose and suppression of the normal increase in plasma glycerol and FFA turnover during exercise compared with the other two trials, whereas the results for the fasting and snack trials were similar.
The total energy expenditure for 60 min of exercise in the snack trial was significantly 4-5 % higher than in the fasting and evening trial (mean ± SE= 654.4 ± 26.7 kcal, 619.2 ± 21.2 kcal and 627.5 ± 27.5 kcal, respectively) . Percentage of energy obtained from lipid was determined based on the respiratory quotient, which was similar (48.6 vs 49.7%) between the fasting and snack trials. This, however, differed significantly (p<0.01) from the percentage of lipid metabolized (32.6%) during the evening trial. These data indicate that fasting and snack trials in the morning result in preferential oxidation of fat during endurance exercise.

This study evaluated the relationship between walking speed and energy metabolism. The speed at which energy consumption per km of walking was lowest was defined as“economical speed”; the speed at which each subject felt most natural was defined as“comfortable speed”; and the fastest speed at which each subject was able to walk was defined as“fast speed”.
Energy consumption during 60-minutes of walking was 342±11 kcal at fast speed, 248±13 kcal at comfortable speed, and 201± 17 kcal at economical speed. The value at fast speed was significantly higher than at other speeds (P<0.001) . As for source of energy consumption, energy derived from carbohydrates was 233±16 kcal at fast speed, accounting for 68% of total energy consumption, 149±19 kcal at comfortable speed, and 109±13 kcal at economical speed. Energy derived from fat was 109±10 kcal at fast speed, 99±14 kcal at comfortable speed, and 92±12 kcal at economical speed, with no significant difference among the 3 speeds. No difference was observed among the 3 speeds in change in plasma lipid levels after walking compared with before walking.