Objective To study the immune regulation of Galectin-9 on the active CD4+T cells and demonstrate the mechanisms.Methods Lymphocytes were harvested from wild-type C57BL/6 mouse,from which na(i)ve CD4+T cells were separated via MACS and then stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody(Ab) (2.5 μg/ml),anti-CD28 Ab(5 μg/ml) and IL-2(100 ng/ml) for 3 days.The active CD4+T cells were divided into 3 groups:Control group,Galectin-9 group and Galectin-9+α-lactose group.We detected the cell proliferation level by CFSE fluorescence intensity and then dynamically observed the cell morphological changes.The proportion of CD4+CD69+T cell,Th1,Th2 and Th17 cell was valued; Meanwhile,ELISA was used to detect the cytokine levels of IFN-γ,IL-4,IL-10,IL-12,IL-17A and TGF-β1 secreted by lymphocytes.Also Western blot was used to observe the changes of T cell differentiation regulatory protein such as T-bet,GATA-3 and ROR-γt.Results Compared with control group and Galectin-9+α-lactose group,in Galectin-9 group,the cell morphology began to change at 2 h.Moreover the proportions of CD4+CD69+ T cell,Th1 and Th17 cells decreased (P＜0.05),but no significant differences in Th2 cells.The level of IFN-γ,IL-12,IL-17A and TGF-β1 from the supernatant decreased (P＜0.05),while Th2-type cytokines IL-4 and IL-1O did not change.In addition,the expressions of T-bet and ROR-γt were significantly down-regulated (P＜0.05).Conclusion Galectin-9 inhibited Th1 and Th17-type immune response,while had no effect on Th2-type immune response.The mechanism of the immune regulation may be related to affect the expression of Th1 and Th17 specific transcription factors at transcription level.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-Ribbond fibers, when combined with different restorative materials, on fracture resistance and marginal adaptation of isolated primary molar defects, to provide a reference for clinical practice. Methods: This study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee. A total of 72 extracted primary molars with complete crowns were collected, and 66 primary molars were randomly assigned as experimental groups for the fracture resistance and microleakage tests. The molars were divided into six groups (n = 11) based on the type of restorative materials and the application of Ribbond fibers: Group A1, 3M Filtek Z250 + Ribbond; Group A2, 3M Filtek Z250; Group B1, Beautifil II LS + Ribbond; Group B2, Beautifil II LS; Group C1, 3M Filtek Bulk Fill + Ribbond; and Group C2, 3M Filtek Bulk Fill. Groups A1, B1 and C1 received the fiber-reinforcing technique, whereas Groups A2, B2 and C2 received the direct restorative technique; the remainings were in Group D (blank control group), which did not receive treatment for the fracture resistance test. The fracture resistance test was divided into six experimental groups and one blank control group (n = 6). Primary molar teeth in each experimental group were prepared with Class II cavities and filled. The fracture load of all samples was detected, and the fracture mode was analyzed after thermal cycling. The microleakage test was divided into six experimental groups, with five in each group. Class I cavities with a diameter of 3 mm and depth of 2.5 mm were prepared within the mesial and distal marginal ridges on the occlusal surface and filled for primary molars in each group. Marginal microleakage was assessed after thermal cycling. Results: The fracture resistance test results showed that the fracture resistance in groups that received the fiber-reinforcing technique was greater than that in groups that received the direct restorative technique: Group A1>Group A2, Group B1>Group B2, Group C1>Group C2 (P<0.05). The application of Ribbond fibers increased fracture resistance to all tested restorative materials by 37.08% to 39.34%. The proportion of tooth frac-ture decreased significantly in groups A1, C1 compared with A2, C2, with a significant increase in the occurrence rate of “Repairable” (P<0.05). The fracture resistance in Group A1 was significantly greater than that in Group B1 and Group C1 (P<0.05). The marginal microleakage test results showed that the microleakage depth in groups that received the fiber-reinforcing technique was smaller than that in groups that received the direct restorative technique: Group A1Conclusion The application of Ribbond fibers combined with various restorative materials could enhance fracture resistance and diminish the microleakage depth to improve marginal adaptation.