Objective:To investigate the effect of sleeve gastrectomy on blood glucose in obese rats with diabetes mellitus.Methods:Thirty-two 12 week old Goto Kakizaki (GK) diabetic rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham operation group (A) , sleeve stomach operation group (B) , sleeve stomach operation+external bile drainage group (C) and sleeve stomach operation + external bile drainage + oleanolic acid group (D) . The changes of fasting blood glucose and blood bile acid were compared before and after operation. The expression level of GLP-1 in serum of each group was detected by ELISA, and the difference of protein expression of bile acid G protein coupled receptor (TGR5) was detected by Western blot.Results:The blood glucose level of group A had no significant change after operation. But blood glucose level in group B and group D was significantly lower than that before operation. Blood glucose in group C was lower than that before operation, but there was no significant difference in comparison. Serum total bile acid level in group A had no significant difference before and after operation. Bile acid level in group B was significantly higher than that before operation, while bile acid level in group C and group D was significantly lower than that before operation. There was no significant difference in the level of serum GLP-1 in group A before and after operation. The level of serum GLP-1 in group B and group D was significantly higher than that before operation. The level of serum GLP-1 in group C was lower than that before operation, but there was no significant difference. The expression of TGR5 protein in terminal ileum in group B and group D was higher than that in group A, but the expression in group C was similar with that in group A.Conclusions:Sleeve gastrectomy has definite hypoglycemic effect on T2DM rats. Bile acid and its related receptor TGR5 should play an important role in the mechanism of sleeve gastrectomy in treatment of diabetes.

Background: and Purpose X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 (CMTX1) is characterized by peripheral neuropathy with or without episodic neurological dysfunction. We performed clinical, neuropathological, and genetic investigations of a series of patients with mutations of the gap-junction beta-1 gene (GJB1) to extend the phenotypic and genetic description of CMTX1. Methods: Detailed clinical evaluations, sural nerve biopsy, and genetic analysis were applied to patients with CMTX1. Results: We collected 27 patients with CMTX1 with GJB1 mutations from 14 unrelated families. The age at onset (AAO) was 20.9±12.2 years (mean±standard deviation; range, 2–45 years). Walking difficulties, weakness in the legs, and pes cavus were common initial symptoms. Compared with female patients, males tended to have a younger AAO (males vs. females=15.4±9.6 vs. 32.0±8.8 years, p=0.002), a longer disease course (16.8±16.1 vs. 5.5±3.8 years, p=0.034), and more-severe electrophysiological results. Besides peripheral neuropathy, six of the patients had special episodic central nervous system (CNS) evidence from symptoms, signs, and/or reversible white-matter lesions. Neuropathology revealed the loss of large myelinated fibers, increased number of regenerated axon clusters with abnormally thin myelin sheaths, and excessively folded myelin. Genetic analysis identified 14 GJB1 variants, 6 of which were novel. Conclusions These findings expand the phenotypic and genetic spectrum of CMTX1. Although CMTX1 was found to have high phenotypic and CNS involvement variabilities, detailed neurological examinations and nerve conduction studies will provide critical clues for accurate diagnoses. Further exploration of the underlying mechanisms of connexin 32 involvement in neuropathy or CNS dysfunction is warranted to develop promising therapies.

The syndrome/pattern of defensive qi deficiency is a common basic syndrome of traditional Chinese medicine in clinical practice. However,there is a lack of standardized and operable diagnostic specifications in practical applications. Based on the previous literature,this study proposed the idea of starting from the elements of the syndrome,qualitative diagnostic criteria for the syndrome/pattern of defensive qi deficiency oriented to the entire region of the disease were constructed based on the two dimensions of " deficient defensive qi failing to consolidate the exterior" and " qi deficiency" and constructing a set of quantitative evaluation criteria as the supporting content for the diagnostic items. The core members of the research group attempted to formulate the draft standard,then reached a consensus through the Delphi method expert questionnaire consultation and the Nominal group technique,and finally evaluated the reliability and validity of the standard through clinical verification to provide ideas for the standardization and normalization of research on syndromes.

OBJECTIVE To design paclitaxel prodrug nanoparticles with dual reactive oxygen species/glutathione response (ProPTX-SS-NPs), providing new ideas and methods for the application of paclitaxel. METHODS The optimal preparation method and process of prodrug nanoparticles was investigated by using particle size and PDI as indicators; the morphology of prodrug nanoparticles was observed through electron microscopy and their particle size, potential, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading capacity, etc were investigated; the in vitro release characteristics of nanoparticles in reactive oxygen species and glutathione environments were investigated; the in vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of prodrug nanoparticles were investigated through cell experiments. RESULTS The nano particle size prepared by the optimal process was (130.20±2.18)nm, with the PDI of 0.12±0.01, the Zeta potential of (-8.45±0.01)mV, the drug load of (10.27±1.36)%, and the encapsulation rate of (93.22±2.20)%. The prodrug nanoparticles showed reactive oxygen species and glutathione dual responsive release ability, and could significantly inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7, HepG2, and MDA-MB-231. Its inhibitory effect on MDA-MB-231 cells was the most significant. The IC50 of prodrug nanoparticles on MDA-MB-231 cells was (0.71±0.11)μmol·L, while the IC50of PTX was (22.38±3.27)μmol·L. CONCLUSION ProPTX-SS-NPs have excellent tumor microenvironment response performance and significant anti-tumor activity, which is a highly potential and promising anti-tumor nanosystem.