To understand the pyrolysis mechanism of lignin with α-O-4 linkage, 4-(3-hydroxy-1-phenoxypropyl)-phenol was selected as an α-O-4 type lignin dimer model compound, and its pyrolysis process was studied by density functional theory with M06-2X method at 6-31+G (d,p) level. Equilibrium geometries of the reactant, intermediates, transition states and products were fully optimized. The activation energies in each pyrolysis pathway were calculated. The dimer decomposed mainly through the homolytic cleavage and concerted decomposition of the C(α)-O linkage. Pyrolytic products mainly included various phenolic compounds such as phenol, 4-methylphenol, 4-vinylphenol and p-coumaryl alcohol, as well as light compounds such as ethanol, methanol and formaldehyde. Pyrolytic depolymerization process has its potential in biomass-based fuels.
Biofuels ; Biomass ; Cresols ; chemistry ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Formaldehyde ; chemistry ; Hot Temperature ; Lignin ; chemistry ; Methanol ; chemistry ; Phenols ; chemistry ; Propionates ; chemistry

Objective To compare the single-and double-injection techniques for sciatic nerve block.Methods Sixty ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 18-64 yr,weighing 48-72 kg,undergoing elective unilateral foot and ankle surgery,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =30 each) using a random number table:single-injection group (group S) and double-injection group (group D).Labat-winnie approach to sciatic nerve block was performed under the guidance of a nerve stimulator.When ankle dorsal or plantar flexion developed,group S received a single injection of 0.5％ ropivacaine 30 ml.When ankle dorsal and plantar flexion developed,0.5％ ropivacaine 15 ml was injected each time in group D.The failure of location was recorded.The time spent performing the procedure,onset time and duration of sensory and motor blockade,and the total time for the block were recorded.The effectiveness of block (success,failure) was assessed.Results The failure rate of location was 10％ in group D.The success rate of block was 93％ in group S,and was 96％ in group D,and there was no significant difference in the success rate of block between the two groups.Compared with group S,the onset time of sensory and motor blockade was significantly shortened,the time spent performing the procedure was prolonged,and no significant change was found in the total time for the block,duration of sensory and motor blockade in group D.Conclusion Single-injection technique is recommended for the sciatic nerve block in the patients undergoing lower extremity surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) and to determine the relationship between BTG1 expression and clinicopathological features, biological behaviors in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. METHOD: Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to analyze BTG1 protein expression in 70 cases of laryngeal cancer and 35 cases of adjacent corresponding laryngeal mucosal tissues to illuminate the relationship between BTG1 expression and clinical factors. RESULT: The positive rate of BTG1 protein expression was 31.43% in laryngeal carcinoma tissues, significantly lower than 91.43% in the adjacent laryngeal tissues (P < 0.05). Western blot showed the relative expression of BTG1 protein between cancer lesion and adjacent tissue were 0.217 ± 0.032 and 0.918 ± 0.081, showing the difference with statistical significance (P < 0.05). The expression of protein was significantly correlated with the tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, clinic stage and histological grade (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but not with sex, age and tumor location (P > 0.05) of patients with laryngeal cancer. CONCLUSION The expression of BTG1 protein was decreased in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting that BTG1 gene may be closely associated with the carcinogenesis and the degree of malignancy. Detection of BTG1 expression may be useful in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of laryngeal carcinoma.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Laryngeal Mucosa ; metabolism ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Neoplasm Grading ; Neoplasm Proteins ; metabolism ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck

Objective To investigate the role of Stathmin in pancreatic cancer invasion and metastasis and its relationship with DNA methylation. Methods Immunohistochemical detection of MBDI and Stathmin protein expression in 40 cases of pancreatic cancer and 15 cases ot normal pancreatic tissue were performed,followed by analysis of their clinical and pathological relationship with pancreatic cancer; Human pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3 was treated with 5-Aza-2-dC (AZA).Both qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis of Stathmin expression were used before and after AZA treatment; Stathmin-siRNA transfected BxPC-3 cells were divided into the Stathmi-siRNA group and the empty vector control group.Transwell chamber invasion assay and animal experiment were performed to measure the changes in cell invasion and metastatic capability. Results lmmunohistochemistry showed positive MBDI and Stathmin expressions in 28 (70％) and 24 (60％) out of 40 cases of pancreatic cancer,respectively,which were significantly higher than that in the normal pancreatic tissue (P＜ 0.05); MBDI and Stathmin protein expressions were positively correlated (r =0.356,P =0.037),so were MBDI expression and lymph node metastasis (P=0.023).Stathmin expression was significantly correlated with clinical staging and lymph node metastasis (P =0.002,and P =0.001,respectively).After AZA treatment,both Stathmin mRNA and protein expression in BxPC-3 were significantly decreased.Transwell chamber invasion assay showed that compared with the control group,the cell invasion capability of the Stathmin-siRNA group was significantly decreased (P＜0.05).Animal experiment showed that the incidence of liver metastasis was significantly lower in the Stathmin-siRNA transfected group than the empty vector control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Demethylation may contribute to the reduction of Stathmin expression in pancreatic cancer and further improve the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients.

Objective To evaluate the effects of the sciatic nerve block on emergence agitation following sevoflurane-based anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing foot orthomorphia.Methods Sixty pediatric patients,aged 3-7 yr,weighing 12-20 kg,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,scheduled for elective foot orthomorphia,were randomly assigned to one of two groups (n =30 each):control group (group Ⅰ) and sciatic nerve block group (group Ⅱ).After induction of anesthesia,laryngeal mask airway was inserted,and artificial or mechanical ventilation was performed.Anesthesia was maintained with inhalation of sevoflurane (end-tidal concentration 0.5％-2.0％) and iv fentanyl 0.5-2.0 μg/kg.The sciatic nerve block on the affected side was performed under the guidance of a nerve stimulator,and 0.25％ bupivacaine 0.5 ml/kg was injected.Laryngeal mask airway removal time and emergence time were recorded.At 30 min of recovery from anesthesia,agitation was scored and the development of emergence agitation was recorded.Pain was evaluated with Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) at 10 and 30 min of recovery from anesthesia.Adverse reactions including hypoxemia and nausea and vomiting were also recorded during recovery from anesthesia.Results Compared with group Ⅰ,the intraoperative consumption of fen tanyl and mean end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane were significantly decreased,laryngeal mask airway removal time and emergence time were shortened,and the incidence of emergence agitation,PPS-P scores and incidence of hypoxemia were decreased in group Ⅱ.Conclusion The sciatic nerve block is helpful in decreasing the development of emergence agitation following sevoflurane-based anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing foot orthomorphia.

Background and purpose:B-cell translocation gene 1(BTG1) can inhibit cell proliferation, promote cell apoptosis and regulate cell cycle progression and differentiation in a variety of cell types. This study aimed to explore the inlfuence on cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle and its related mechanism of laryngeal cancer Hep - 2 cell lines through BTG1 overexpression byin vitro experiments.Methods:The BTG1 expression plasmids were constructed and transfected into Hep-2. They were divided into experimental group (transfected BTG1 of Hep-2 cells) and control group (transfected empty plasmid of Hep-2 cells). Western blot method was used to identify BTG1 protein expression levels of cells; proliferation activity of cells was detected by MTT assay; lfow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle distribution and AnnexinⅤ-FITC/PI cell apoptosis; Western blot was also used to assay cell cycle regulatory protein and apoptosis-related protein expression.Results:The pEGFP-N1-BTG1 plasmid was constructed successfully, and the expression of BTG1 protein was higher in experimental group than that in control group (0.921±0.091vs 0.308±0.047,P<0.05). Compared with the two group of laryngeal cancer Hep-2 cells, the cell growth in experimental group was slowed down and the proliferation was reduced (P<0.05); Cyclin D1 protein expression level was decreased (0.436±0.023vs 0.916±0.092,P<0.05), the proportion of G0/G1 phase cell cycle was increased [(85.1±5.2)%vs (63.8±3.1)%,P<0.05], the proportion of S phase cell was decreased [(8.3±1.1)%vs (23.1±1.5)%, P<0.05], phosphatidylserine ectropion in experimental group was increased, cell early apoptosis was significant [(10.3±1.1)%vs (2.8±0.3)%,P<0.05] and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression level was reduced(0.167±0.009vs 0.834±0.084,P<0.05).Conclusion:BTG1 high expression could inhibit the proliferation growth of laryngeal Hep-2 cells and promote its apoptosis, and the possible mechanisms are interrelated with BTG1 involved in cell cycle regulation and causing cell apoptosis.

Objective To research the influenza virus infection on rat vascular smooth cells number,proliferation,apoptosis,the amount of IL-6,sFas,platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF) and the mechanism of atherosclerosis.Methods Flow cytometry,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cell count experiments were used to detect these indicators at 0 h,6 h,12 h,24 h,48 h.Results After influenza virus infected at 0 h,proliferation,apoptosis condition were 10.39％,0.44％,respectively; at 6 h,proliferation,apoptosis respectively increased to 12.68％,0.73％ ; proliferation reached the peak at 12 h (18.01％),instead apoptosis decreased to 0.14％ ; at 24 h,proliferation decreased to 12.89％ and apoptosis markedly increased to 1.09％ ; at 48 h,proliferation further reduced to 7.07％ and apoptosis reached the peak(4.61％).The number of cells and the cytokine secretion were statistically significant to control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Influenza virus infection might lead to change of cell proliferation and apoptosis and involve the atherosclerosis form and development,and cytokines played an important role in them.

AIM:To establish a screening model based on muscarinic receptor type 1(M1) for drugs against Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHOD: Human M1 receptor was expressed in HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) cells, and its activation was measured by the intracellular cAMP (cyclic AMP) level. Exogeneous 3H-cAMP was used to compete the intracellular cAMP binding sites. Acetylcholine chloride was used as a positive drug to ensure the sensitivity of this model. RESULT: HEK293 cell expressing system of human M1 receptor was established. Different concentrations of acetylcholine chloride (10-9～10-4 mol/L) activation of M1 receptor leads to an increase of intracellular cAMP 10.343×10-4～33.754×10-4 pmol/μl. CONCLUTION:This screening model has positive response to M1 receptor agonist and can be used for drug screening.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate therapeutic efficacy of Aidi injection,Compound kushen injection,Kanglaite injection, Elemene injection and Brucea javanica oil emulsion injection in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion(MPE),and to provide evidence-based reference in clinic. METHODS:Retrieved from PubMed,EMBase,Cochrane library,CJFD,Wanfang database and CJFD,RCTs about Aidi injection,Compound kushen injection,Kanglaite injection,Elemene injection and B. javanica oil emulsion injection in the treatment of MPE were collected. Meta-analysis was conducted by using ADDIS 1.16.6 statistical software after data extraction and quality evaluation by modified Jadad scale. RESULTS:A total of 54 RCTs were included,involving 3404 patients. All RCTs were two legs with a total number of 108. Results of network Meta-analysis showed that compared with cisplat-in,Compound kushen injection [OR=2.19,95%CI(1.30,3.76),P<0.05],Elemene injection [OR=3.55,95%CI(2.43,5.32),P<0.05] and B. javanica oil emulsion injection [OR=1.92,95%CI(1.34,2.76),P<0.05] could significantly improve response rate of MPE patients,with statistical significance. Pairwise comparison showed response rate of Elemene injection was significantly higher than that of Aidi injection [OR=0.32,95%CI(0.17,0.56),P<0.05],Kanglaite injection [OR=0.30,95%CI(0.13,0.68),P<0.05] and B. javanica oil emulsion injection [OR=1.85,95%CI(1.10,3.17),P<0.05] in improving response rate. The probability ranking was Elemene injection>Compound kushen injection>B. javanica oil emulsion injection>Aidi injection=Kanglaite injection=cispl-atin. Compared with cisplatin,Aidi injection [OR=0.29,95%CI(0.16,0.54),P<0.05],Compound kushen injection [OR=0.44, 95%CI(0.18,0.96),P<0.05],Elemene injection [OR=0.21,95%CI(0.10,0.44),P<0.05] and B. javanica oil emulsion injection [OR=0.41,95%CI(0.23,0.70),P<0.05] could significantly improve the rate of quality of life improvement in MPE patients,with statistical significance. Pairwise comparison showed the rate of quality of life improvement of Elemene injection in MPE patients was significantly higher than that of Kanglaite injection [OR=4.84,95%CI(1.03,25.01),P<0.05]. The probability ranking was El-emene injection>Aidi injection>Compound kushen injection>B. javanica oil emulsion injection>Kanglaite injection>cisplatin.CONCLUSIONS:All 5 kinds of TCM injection can effective-ly treat MPE and improve the quality of life,among which El-emene injection is mostlikely to be the most effective interven-tion.

Objective:To explore the factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in adult males with low-to-moderate fluoride exposure in Henan Province.Methods:Adult male villagers from low-to-moderate fluoride exposure areas in Tongxu County, Kaifeng City, Henan Province were recruited from April to May 2017 based on cluster random sampling. Questionnaire survey, physical measurements and urinary samples collection were conducted respectively. Urinary fluoride (UF) was determined by fluoride ion-selective electrode. Ultrasound bone densitometer was used to measure BMD (T-score). Partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the influence factors of BMD.Results:A total of 439 adult males were included in this study. Age, body mass index (BMI), UF content, and T-score of the participants were (47.99 ± 8.49) years, (25.77 ± 3.23) kg/m 2, (1.34 ± 0.74) mg/L, and-1.79 ± 0.79, respectively. Partial correlation analysis showed a significantly positive correlation between BMI and T-score after age adjustment ( r = 0.194, P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression showed that T-score decreased by 0.015 (95% CI:-0.024 -- 0.005, P < 0.05) for each 1-year increase in age and T-score increased by 0.034 (95% CI: 0.009-0.059, P < 0.05) for each 1.0 kg/m 2 increase in BMI. Interaction analysis showed that T-score was closely related to the interaction between overweight (≥24.0 kg/m 2), non-smoking, tea drinking and UF [ β (95% CI): 0.134 (0.001-0.269), 0.163 (- 0.015-0.337), 0.215 (- 0.006-0.436), P < 0.10]. Conclusions:Our findings reveal a negative correlation between age and BMD, and a positive correlation between BMI and BMD in adult males with low-to-moderate fluoride exposure in Henan Province. In addition, low-to-moderate fluoride exposure is more likely to damage the BMD of smokers.