No abstract available.
Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures*

Introduction: Androgen receptor (AR) is the most frequently expressed biomarker in all subtypes of breast carcinoma. Triple negative breast carcinoma (TNBC) is breast carcinoma that lacks oestrogen and progesterone receptors immunoexpression as well as absence of HER2/neu gene amplification. This makes targeted therapy not feasible in this cancer and hence has poorer prognosis. Detecting AR expression could be another milestone in the management of TNBC, as AR is a prognostic, predictive marker and potential index for targeted treatment. This study aimed to assess expression of AR in TNBC by immunohistochemistry and its association with clinicopathological parameters. Methods: We analysed the expression of AR in 97 TNBC cases from Penang General Hospital for a period of 3 years (2014 to 2017). Androgen receptor immunoreactivity was considered positive if > 1% of tumour cells nuclei were stained irrespective of staining intensity. Results: The prevalence of AR expression in TNBC was 31% (30/97), with the proportion of AR-positive tumour cells ranged from 1% to 90%. These include 23 invasive carcinomas, no special type (NST) and 7 other invasive carcinoma subtypes (papillary, lobular, clear cell and medullary carcinomas). Sixty-seven cases (69%) that showed AR immunonegativity were invasive carcinomas, NST (n=60), clear cell carcinoma (n=1) and metaplastic carcinoma (n=6). Androgen receptor immunoexpression was inversely correlated with tumour grade (p=0.016), but not the tumour stage, tumour size and nodal status. Conclusion: AR is expressed in about one-third of TNBC and loss of AR immunoexpression does not predict adverse clinical outcomes. Larger cohorts for better characterisation of the role of AR immunoexpression in TNBC are warranted.
invasive breast carcinoma

No abstract available.
Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures*

Humans ; Invasive Fungal Infections

No abstract available.
Chemoradiotherapy* ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures*

Humans ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures

No abstract available.
Hysterectomy ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures

Chromoblastomycosis is an endemic mycoses which has been misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed in the past. This may be due to the clinicopathologic characteristics that it shares with other neglected tropical diseases such as leprosy and cutaneous tuberculosis. Correlating clinical findings with histopathologic cues will lead clinicians to correct diagnosis and subsequent treatment success.
Chromoblastomycosis ; Invasive Fungal Infections ; Itraconazole

No abstract available.
Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures* ; Stomach Neoplasms*

Surgery is a field of the medical science that aims to treat disease with the best possible medical skill. Until recently, surgeons have had a fixed idea that an adequate big incision is needed to perform a satisfactory operation and to get a good result. As we say in Korea, "Great surgeon, big incision was the traditional rule when training a surgeon. However, we are now at turning point and transition period for the surgical Department of medical science. Almost every day we are experiencing the change that the surgeon can perform a minimally invasive procedure for people with disease, and the present high technical procedures are less invasive have less complications, superior cosmetic results and faster recovery. This is partially because the consumers, i.e., the patients, demand this more advanced medical service and so surgeons, are, making strenuous efforts to achieve a more humanistic medical approach to treatment. Of course, minimally invasive surgery has some limitations and pitfalls for its technical and, economical, aspects. We cannot oppose to this general trend in spite of possible obstacles. We can anticipate rather major changes in surgery, such as "individualized minimally invasive surgery" or "tailored surgery". So, we should prepare ourselves with study and education to receive this new paradigm.
Education ; Humans ; Korea ; Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive