Malaria epidemiological stratification in ThuaThien-Hue province during the years 2003-2004 showed: There were 23 communes with 152 villages in malarial severious endemic areas; 17 communes and towns with115 villages and wards in moderate;9 communes and towns with 90 villages and wards in light; 6 communes and towns with 54 villages and wards in low malarial endemic; 95 communes and towns with 905 villages and wards in free malarial endemic areas. The stratification and interventions would help to develop a more appropriate and sustainable elements for malaria control
malaria ; epidemiology ; Intervention Studies

The study was carried out at Thua Thien Hue between 1998 and 2001 and involved 55,162 children between 0 to 15 years old. The children with malformation were examined and identified the malformation by ICD 10. It was found that about 4% of participated children have malformation, in which 37.3% have undergone corrective operation, 28.6% have received rehabilitation in centers or community. Some children have been supported with devices or finance so they can integrate to their community.
abnormalities ; Intervention Studies ; child

Health service is a combination of input factors with the processing of production, the services related to the arrangement of each organization and the supply of various intervention medical. Infact, health care system is not limited in the funding organization and service supplying system, but it includes a group of various organization to product and to supply the input factors for creating health service system, especially man power resource such as material facilities, equipments and knowledges. Leading is a function of the government, which assures the responsibility through the medical system to improve and to promote the health, to strengthen the benefit of all
Delivery of Health Care ; Government ; Intervention Studies ; economics

This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of the supportive nursing intervention and analyze its components in 14 studies carried out from Jan. 1980 to Jun. 1997. The supportive nursing intervention studies divided into three types according to the components of conceptual definitons.; (1)supportive nursing behavior, (2)social support, and (3)combination of social support and supportive nursing behavior. The various terms referred to the supportive nursing intervention didn't have the clear differentiating conceptual and operational definitions and the logical relationship among them. The effects of supportive nursing intervention were measured by the 23 dependent variables using self-report and the 5 dependent variables using physiological indices. The dependent variables were measured more than two were role behavior compliance, anxiety, depression, health belief, knowledge about the disease, helplessness and stressful behavior response. The average effects of the supportive nursing intervention ranged from 0.218 to 2.745 for the d index. The three variables of them, which were anxiety, depression and stressful behavior response, were homogeneous statistically by homogeniety test. Results of the meta- analysis indicated that the supportive nursing intervention had moderate to large effects on anxiety(d=0.41), depression (d=0.66) and stressful behavior response (d=0.86).
Anxiety ; Compliance ; Depression ; Intervention Studies ; Logic ; Nursing ; Child Health

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder typically identified in early toddlerhood. Both retrospective and prospective follow up studies of high risk infants reveal early risk signs of ASD at 12-24 months of age. The most frequently replicated early signs of ASD are atypical visual tracking and coordination, lack of social reciprocity, abnormal social communication and unusual patterns of manipulating objects, atypical sensory exploration, expressed as uncoordinated eye contact, unresponsiveness to naming, lack of social smile, delayed development of nonverbal communication and joint attention, less sharing interest, and unusually repetitive use of objects. Early intervention, before 2 years of age, appears to change the underlying developmental trajectories of the brain in individuals with ASD. In this review, the early risk signs of ASD in infancy and toddlerhood, along with early intervention and their implications, are discussed.
Autistic Disorder* ; Brain ; Child ; Autism Spectrum Disorder* ; Early Intervention (Education) ; Early Medical Intervention ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Joints ; Nonverbal Communication ; Prodromal Symptoms ; Prospective Studies ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive workplace stress management program consisting of participatory action-oriented training (PAOT) and individual management. METHODS: A comprehensive workplace stress management program was conducted in a medium-sized enterprise. The baseline survey was conducted in September 2011, using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) and Worker's Stress Response Inventory (WSRI). After implementing both organizational and individual level interventions, the follow up evaluation was conducted in November 2011. RESULTS: Most of the workers participated in the organizational level PAOT and made Team-based improvement plans. Based on the stress survey, 24 workers were interviewed by a researcher. After the organizational and individual level interventions, there was a reduction of several adverse psychosocial factors and stress responses. In the case of blue-collar workers, psychosocial factors such as the physical environment, job demands, organizational system, lack of rewards, and occupational climate were significantly improved; in the case of white-collar workers, the occupational climate was improved. CONCLUSIONS: In light of these results, we concluded that the comprehensive stress management program was effective in reducing work-related stress in a short-term period. A persistent long-term follow up is necessary to determine whether the observed effects are maintained over time. Both team-based improvement activities and individual interviews have to be sustainable and complementary to each other under the long-term plan.
Climate ; Data Collection ; Follow-Up Studies ; Health Promotion ; Intervention Studies ; Psychology ; Reward

BACKGROUND: Although cross-sectional studies have suggested a relationship between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and hypomagnesemia, no large-scale cohort study has been conducted to date. Here, we examined the changes in serum magnesium levels in response to PPI use. We hypothesized that PPI use might change the serum magnesium concentration. METHODS: Of the 2,892 patients hospitalized for percutaneous coronary intervention between January 2007 and May 2012, 1,076 patients with normal baseline (1.6-2.5 mg/dL) and follow-up serum magnesium concentrations were enrolled. These patients were divided into two groups: the PPI group and the control group. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 9.51+/-2.94 months. The incidence of hypomagnesemia (<1.6 mg/dL) was 0.4% (3/834) in the PPI group and 0.4% (1/242) in the control group (P = 0.904). The change in magnesium levels did not differ between the two groups, and this result was maintained in the analysis of covariance after adjusting for confounding factors (P = 0.381). Moreover, magnesium levels did not significantly differ between the long-term (duration of use > or =12 months, n = 71) and short-term PPI groups (duration of use <12 months, n = 763), and the control group (n = 242; P = 0.620). The effect of PPI use on change in serum magnesium concentration was affected by the use of multiple diuretics (-0.01+/-0.25 mg/dL; P = 0.025), although a single diuretic use with PPI did not alter the change in magnesium level (0.12+/-0.27 mg/dL). CONCLUSION: Changes in magnesium levels might be subtle after PPI use in patients with normal baseline magnesium values.
Cohort Studies ; Diuretics ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Magnesium* ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention* ; Proton Pumps*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The comparison of long-term clinical effects between Sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) and Paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) for treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains unclear. Seeking to clarify this issue, we performed a retrospective analysis to evaluate four-year clinical outcomes of SES compared to PES treated AMI patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: From January 2004 to August 2006, all patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and acute non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) by implantation of either SES or PES were enrolled. The occurrences of cardiac and non-cardiac deaths, recurrent infarction, target vessel revascularization (TVR) and stent thrombosis were analyzed. The composite end points of these major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were also analyzed. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 668 AMI patients had visited, of which 522 patients (299 with SES and 223 with PES) were enrolled. During the four-year clinical follow-up, both groups showed similar occurrences of non-cardiac death (14.6+/-2.2% vs. 18.3+/-3.0%, p=0.26); cardiac death (6.8+/-1.52% vs. 11.2+/-2.6%, p=0.39); re-infarction (3.3+/-1.1% vs. 6.4+/-1.8%, p=0.31); and stent thrombosis (3.2+/-1.1% vs. 5.4+/-1.7%, p=0.53). However, occurrences of TVR {4.0+/-1.2% vs. 10.0+/-3.0%, hazard ratio (HR)=0.498, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.257-0.967, p=0.039} and MACE (19.4+/-2.5% vs. 29.4+/-3.5%, HR=0.645, 95% CI=0.443-0.940, p=0.021) were significantly lower in the SES population. CONCLUSION: In AMI patients treated with either SES or PES implantation, the former had a significantly lower risk of TVR and MACE during four-year clinical follow-up. Rates of death, cardiac death or recurrent infarction, and stent thrombosis were similar.
Death ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Humans ; Infarction ; Myocardial Infarction ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Retrospective Studies ; Stents ; Thrombosis

PURPOSE: There is no agreement in management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) found in neonatal period. We report our clinical results of newborns with UPJO who had been managed with our fixed protocol prospectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: According to our protocol, we performed ultrasonography and MAG-3 scan to 45 neonatal UPJO patients at 1, 3, 6 month of age. The patients were divided into three groups, Group I(T1/2>20min, RF<35%), Group II(T1/2>20min, RF>35%) and Group III(T1/2<20min, RF>35%) according to the results of MAG-3 renal scan. The patients received pyeloplasty when belonged to Group I on follow-up renal scan or progression of hydronephrosis on ultrasonography. RESULTS: At one month of age, 5 patients belonged to Group I, 13 patients to Group II and 27 patients to Group III. In Group I, we performed the operation to all five patients within three month of age. Thirteen patients of Group II showed deterioration of renal function in 3, improvement of renal excretion in 3 and no change in 7 patients within 6 month follow-up respectively. However operations were performed in 10 patients within 6 month of age. The reasons for operation in Group II were as follows: the deteriorated renal function in 3, progressed or severe hydronephrosis in 4, and, urinary tract infection in 3 patients. All 27 patients of Group III showed no deterioration of renal function and no significant obstruction on follow-up studies. Except one patient with recurrent UTI, all of the operated cases have maintained good renal function and nonoperative cases also have shown good renal function until one year old. CONCLUSIONS: By our management protocol we could choose appropriately the cases which required early intervention or observation without impairment of renal function in neonatal UPJO patients.
Early Intervention (Education) ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Infant, Newborn ; Prospective Studies ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Tract Infections

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the morphological changes of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) as determined by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) follow-up using semi-automated quantitative analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with 31 CTO lesions confirmed by invasive coronary angiography and baseline/follow-up CCTA were retrospectively included. CTOs were quantitatively analyzed by a semi-automated coronary plaque analysis software (Coronary Plaque Analysis, version 2.0, Siemens) after manually determining the lesion border. Recanalized lumen was defined as the linear-like enhanced opacity traversing the non-opacified occluded segment. Other parameters, such as total occlusion length, total occlusion volume, volume with low attenuation component (< 30 Hounsfield unit [HU]), volume with middle to high attenuation component (30–190 HU) as well as the calcification volume, were also recorded. RESULTS: Recanalized lumen was found within 48.4% (15/31) occlusions on the follow-up CCTA, compared to 45.2% (14/31) occlusions on the baseline CCTA. Eleven of 14 lesions (78.6%) with CT-visible recanalized lumen within CTOs had a shorter occlusion length on follow-up compared to only 3 of 17 lesions (17.6%) without CT-visible recanalized lumen (odds ratio, 17.1, p < 0.001). The percentage of low attenuation component of occlusions was smaller on follow-up CCTA compared to baseline value (18.1 ± 20.1% vs. 22.6 ± 19.6%, p = 0.033). CONCLUSION: Coronary computed tomography angiography enables non-invasive characterization of natural progression of untreated CTO lesions. Recanalized lumen within CTOs observed at baseline CCTA was associated with shortening of occlusion length on follow-up. Compared to their earlier stage, occlusions of later stage were presented with higher density of non-calcified components.
Angiography* ; Coronary Angiography ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Natural History* ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Retrospective Studies