BACKGROUND: Statistical analysis is essential in regard to obtaining objective reliability for medical research. However, medical researchers do not have enough statistical knowledge to properly analyze their study data. To help understand and potentially alleviate this problem, we have analyzed the statistical methods and errors of articles published in the Korean Journal of Pain (KJP), with the intention to improve the statistical quality of the journal. METHODS: All the articles, except case reports and editorials, published from 2004 to 2008 in the KJP were reviewed. The types of applied statistical methods and errors in the articles were evaluated. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-nine original articles were reviewed. Inferential statistics and descriptive statistics were used in 119 papers and 20 papers, respectively. Only 20.9% of the papers were free from statistical errors. The most commonly adopted statistical method was the t-test (21.0%) followed by the chi-square test (15.9%). Errors of omission were encountered 101 times in 70 papers. Among the errors of omission, "no statistics used even though statistical methods were required" was the most common (40.6%). The errors of commission were encountered 165 times in 86 papers, among which "parametric inference for nonparametric data" was the most common (33.9%). CONCLUSION: We found various types of statistical errors in the articles published in the KJP. This suggests that meticulous attention should be given not only in the applying statistical procedures but also in the reviewing process to improve the value of the article.
Intention

PURPOSE: The study was done to verify the effect size of the variables related to the emotional labor of nurses. METHODS: A total of 47 article on variables related to the emotional labor of nurses and published from 2006 to 2014 were used for the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Variables with the largest effect size related to emotional labor were identified as the variables of work task, organization and individual characteristics in descending order of effect size. The sub-factors with the greatest effect size in the work task variable were exhaustion and work commitment, while for organization variables, intention to change jobs had the largest effect size. For individual characteristics, physical symptoms had the largest effect size. CONCLUSION: The results of this study are meaningful as the first study to integrate research results on variables related to the emotional labor of Korean nurses, providing practical data for the management of emotional labor.
Intention

PURPOSE: This review aimed to integrate the results of studies related to job embeddedness of clinical nurses and suggest directions for future research. METHODS: A search for relevant studies was conducted using six databases according to the predetermined index terms “nurse” and “job embeddedness.” A total of 28 studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected and analyzed. RESULTS: The definition of job embeddedness was consistent in the articles, but the terms, scope, and use of tools to determine job embeddedness were not. In addition, no article suggested a theoretical framework. In all the studies except one, the tool used to measure job embeddedness was one revised from Mitchell et al. (2001). In 15 articles, a negative correlation was found between job turnover and turnover intention. Job embeddedness was also found to be associated with nurses' work environment, organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational commitment, and it had a positive impact on these variables. CONCLUSION: Job embeddedness can be used as a major variable to explain nurses's turnover intention. Job embeddedness is multidimensional, and a theoretical framework is needed to explain the job embeddedness of clinical nurses. Tools specific to Korea should be developed to measure the job embeddedness of Korean clinical nurses.
Intention ; Korea

PURPOSE: This study aims to find out ultimate forecasting factors of intention to resign by examining the degree of burnout, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention to resign in hospital nurses and to look into the differences among them according to general characteristics. METHODS: This study used investigation of relationships to analyze relations among burnout, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention to resign in hospital nurses to find out factors influencing turnover intention to resign in hospital nurses. RESULTS: This study revealed that the higher job dissatisfaction and burnout of hospital nurses, the higher turnover intention to resign. This study also showed that the higher burnout caused the lower job satisfaction which led to resignation and a forecasting factor that influenced turnover intention to resign was burnout. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to conduct continuous and systematic research and to seek ways that can prevent the resignation of nurses and improve job satisfaction in hospital nurses.
Forecasting ; Intention ; Job Satisfaction

No abstract available.
Condoms* ; Education* ; Humans ; Intention*

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to explore nurse' bullying experiences according to demographic characteristics and to identify effects of workplace bullying and job stress on turnover intention in hospital nurses. METHODS: One hundred sixty-one graduate students working as nurses were recruited. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Stepwise multiple regression with PASW 18.0. RESULTS: Results show that 23.0% of the nurses interviewed had experienced bullying in the workplace within the last six months and 19.4% had been bullied during the entire employment period. Bullying perpetrators included nurses (52.9%), physicians (23.0%), and patients (17.8%). Bully nurses consisted of senior nurses (63.0%), managers or supervisors (29.6%), colleagues (3.7%), and junior nurses (3.7%). Job turnover intention in hospital nurses was significantly correlated with workplace bullying (r=.20, p=.012) and job stress (r=.37, p<.001). The most significant predictors influencing the turnover intention of hospital nurses were job stress, age, and bullying in total career and these factors accounted for 21.0% of the variance. CONCLUSION: Job stress and bullying significantly influence turnover intention. Therefore, educational programs should be developed and implemented to prevent workplace bullying.
Bullying ; Employment ; Humans ; Intention

PURPOSE: This study was performed to identify the impact of self-leadership and organizational commitment on intention among psychiatric mental health nurses to remain in the profession. METHODS: For this descriptive correlational study, participants were 177 psychiatric mental health nurses with more .than 3 months of psychiatric mental health experience, working in one of eight hospitals in four areas. Data were collected from December 21, 2015 to February 22, 2016 using self-report questionnaires and were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression with IBM SPSS 19.0. RESULTS: Self-leadership and organizational commitment correlated positively with intention to remain. According to the analysis of the impact of self-leadership and organizational commitment on intention to remain, organizational commitment was the most significant predictor variable. CONCLUSION: Study findings suggest that improvement in the organizational commitment of psychiatric mental health nurses increases their intention remain. It is necessary to come up with a strategy which strengthens organizational commitment in order to improve psychiatric mental health nurses' intention to remain in the profession.
Intention* ; Mental Health*

OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to examine the factors influencing the behavioral intention and behavior of workers with non-occupational diseases when utilizing medical facilities, using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). METHODS: The first TPB questionnaire was administered to 3,116 subjects during workers'periodic health examinations at one health examination institute, between September and December in 2000. An investigation of the medical facilities utilization was also conducted by administering a second survey to the 354 subjects (11.4%) adjudged to be workers with non-occupational diseases from the results of the health examination. RESULTS: The medical utilization rate within one month was 41.5%. To investigate the overall relationship between variables, the authors conducted a linear structural equation model analysis, based on the theory of planned behavior. The attitude toward behavior and the subjective norm both positively influenced the behavioral intention (T> or = 2.0). The perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention both positively influenced the behavior (T> or = 2.0) CONCLUSIONS: To improve the medical utilization by workers found to have diseases as a result of their health examination, the implementation of an intervention program will be necessary to increase the behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control, and care givers must pay more attention to eventually converting behavioral intention into actual behaviors.
Caregivers ; Humans ; Intention ; Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of brand image of baby food on brand relationship quality and reuse intentions. METHODS: A total of 211 questionnaires completed by customers who bought Brand B baby food were obtained from empirical research. SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 23.0 were employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Customers perceived Brand B baby food as “Convenient”, “Professional”, “Reliable”, “Famous”, and “Healthy”. Overall, the results indicate that perceived image for Brand B baby food had a significantly positive effect on brand relationship quality in terms of self-concept connection, commitment, and partner quality and intimacy. In addition, commitment and partner quality and intimacy had significantly positive effects on reuse intentions for Brand B baby food. CONCLUSION: The results of this study reveal the importance of brand image in baby food to improve brand relationship quality in terms of commitment and partner quality and intimacy as well as reuse intentions. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize positive brand image as a key factor in forming relationships between consumers and brands as well as search for ways to apply marketing strategies based on brand image.
Empirical Research ; Intention* ; Marketing

OBJECTIVES: This study is to investigate the hypothesis that schizophrenic patients have difficulty in inferring mental state of others. METHODS: Twenty schizophrenic patients and twenty normal subjects were administered to the Cartoon Task required inferring the character's intention in a given context. RESULTS: The schizophrenic patients showed a statistically significant impairment in the Cartoon Task. Both groups chose the card depicting a frequent everyday action significantly more rather than the similar card to the last picture in each story for wrong answers. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results suggest that schizophrenia is associated with a specific deficit of the cognitive ability referred to as social cognition, and this deficit can be detected not only in the acute phase as found in previous research studies, but also in remission. Also when subjects fail to appreciate what is going on in the minds of other people, they seem to rely on a socially familiar experience.
Cognition* ; Humans ; Intention ; Schizophrenia*