BACKGROUND: Statistical analysis is essential in regard to obtaining objective reliability for medical research. However, medical researchers do not have enough statistical knowledge to properly analyze their study data. To help understand and potentially alleviate this problem, we have analyzed the statistical methods and errors of articles published in the Korean Journal of Pain (KJP), with the intention to improve the statistical quality of the journal. METHODS: All the articles, except case reports and editorials, published from 2004 to 2008 in the KJP were reviewed. The types of applied statistical methods and errors in the articles were evaluated. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-nine original articles were reviewed. Inferential statistics and descriptive statistics were used in 119 papers and 20 papers, respectively. Only 20.9% of the papers were free from statistical errors. The most commonly adopted statistical method was the t-test (21.0%) followed by the chi-square test (15.9%). Errors of omission were encountered 101 times in 70 papers. Among the errors of omission, "no statistics used even though statistical methods were required" was the most common (40.6%). The errors of commission were encountered 165 times in 86 papers, among which "parametric inference for nonparametric data" was the most common (33.9%). CONCLUSION: We found various types of statistical errors in the articles published in the KJP. This suggests that meticulous attention should be given not only in the applying statistical procedures but also in the reviewing process to improve the value of the article.
Intention

PURPOSE: The study was done to verify the effect size of the variables related to the emotional labor of nurses. METHODS: A total of 47 article on variables related to the emotional labor of nurses and published from 2006 to 2014 were used for the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Variables with the largest effect size related to emotional labor were identified as the variables of work task, organization and individual characteristics in descending order of effect size. The sub-factors with the greatest effect size in the work task variable were exhaustion and work commitment, while for organization variables, intention to change jobs had the largest effect size. For individual characteristics, physical symptoms had the largest effect size. CONCLUSION: The results of this study are meaningful as the first study to integrate research results on variables related to the emotional labor of Korean nurses, providing practical data for the management of emotional labor.
Intention

PURPOSE: This review aimed to integrate the results of studies related to job embeddedness of clinical nurses and suggest directions for future research. METHODS: A search for relevant studies was conducted using six databases according to the predetermined index terms “nurse” and “job embeddedness.” A total of 28 studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected and analyzed. RESULTS: The definition of job embeddedness was consistent in the articles, but the terms, scope, and use of tools to determine job embeddedness were not. In addition, no article suggested a theoretical framework. In all the studies except one, the tool used to measure job embeddedness was one revised from Mitchell et al. (2001). In 15 articles, a negative correlation was found between job turnover and turnover intention. Job embeddedness was also found to be associated with nurses' work environment, organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational commitment, and it had a positive impact on these variables. CONCLUSION: Job embeddedness can be used as a major variable to explain nurses's turnover intention. Job embeddedness is multidimensional, and a theoretical framework is needed to explain the job embeddedness of clinical nurses. Tools specific to Korea should be developed to measure the job embeddedness of Korean clinical nurses.
Intention ; Korea

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the cyclic fatigue of a K3 file and internal stress intentionally induced until the activation of the auto-stop function of the torque-controlled motor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: K3 (Sybron Endo) .04 and .06 taper, size 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 were used in this study. To give the internal stress, the K3 files were put into the .02 taper Endo-Training-Bloc (Dentsply Maillefer) until the activation of the auto-stop function of the torque-controlled motor. The rotation speed was 300 rpm and torque value was 1.0 N.cm. K3 were grouped by the number of induced internal stress and randomly distributed to 4 experimental groups (n = 10, Stress 0 [control], Stress 1, Stress 2 and Stress 3). For measuring the cyclic fatigue failure, the K3 files were worked against a sloped glass block and time for file separation was recorded. Data was statistically analyzed Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA and Duncan post-hoc test at p < 0.05 level. RESULTS: Except .04 taper size 30 in Stress 1 group, there were statistically significant differences in time for file separation between control and all experimental groups. K3 with .04 taper showed higher cyclic fatigue resistance than those of .06 taper. CONCLUSION: In the limitation of this study, the cyclic fatigue of the K3 file was influenced by the accumulated internal stress from use until the auto-stop function was activated by the torque-controlled motor. Therefore, clinicians should avoid the reuse of the K3 file that has undergone auto-stops.
Fatigue ; Glass ; Intention ; Torque

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationships between customer's attitude, the subjective norm and the intention to use hospital-based health promotion services. METHODS: This study was based on the theory of reasoned action, suggested by Fishbein and Ajzen. The subjects of this study were 501 residents of Seoul, Bun-dang, Il-san and Pyung-chon city, under 65 years, who were stratified by sex and age. A covariance structural analysis was used to identify the structural relationships between attitude towards health promotion programs or services, their subjective norm and their intention to use the aforementioned services. RESULTS: The subjective norm for using the health promotion programs or services provided by hospitals was a significant predictor of the intention to use, but the attitude towards the services was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a customer's reference group affects their use of the hospital-based health promotion services. Because the subjects of this study were restricted to specific urban areas, there are limitations to generalizing the study results. Despite the limitations of these results, they can serve as baseline information for the understanding of consumer's behavior toward hospital-based health promotion services.
Health Promotion* ; Intention* ; Seoul

OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to examine the factors influencing the behavioral intention and behavior of workers with non-occupational diseases when utilizing medical facilities, using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). METHODS: The first TPB questionnaire was administered to 3,116 subjects during workers'periodic health examinations at one health examination institute, between September and December in 2000. An investigation of the medical facilities utilization was also conducted by administering a second survey to the 354 subjects (11.4%) adjudged to be workers with non-occupational diseases from the results of the health examination. RESULTS: The medical utilization rate within one month was 41.5%. To investigate the overall relationship between variables, the authors conducted a linear structural equation model analysis, based on the theory of planned behavior. The attitude toward behavior and the subjective norm both positively influenced the behavioral intention (T> or = 2.0). The perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention both positively influenced the behavior (T> or = 2.0) CONCLUSIONS: To improve the medical utilization by workers found to have diseases as a result of their health examination, the implementation of an intervention program will be necessary to increase the behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control, and care givers must pay more attention to eventually converting behavioral intention into actual behaviors.
Caregivers ; Humans ; Intention ; Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of the model based on the TPB, behavior-related theories, and exercise-related empirical studies in predicting exercise intention and behavior. METHODS: The subjects who participated in this study were 152 middle-aged women. The data were analyzed by use of SAS PC program and LISREL 8.12a program. RESULTS: 1) The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was acceptable(x2 24.01(p=0.0043), x2/df 2.67, RMSEA 0.11, standardized RMR 0.04, GFI 0.97, AGFI 0.84, NFI 0.95, NNFI 0.85). 2) Affect, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and habit were significant determinants of the exercise intention. Attitude and facilitating conditions were not significant determinants. These six variables explained 43% of the total variance of the exercise intention. 3) Perceived behavioral control and habit were significant determinants of the exercise behavior. Intention and facilitating conditions were not significant determinants. These four variables explained 95% of the total variance of the exercise behavior. CONCLUSION: This study shows the model's applicabiltiy in explaining exercise behavior of middle-aged women, and suggests that we should focus on perceived behavioral control and habit rather than intention to improve exercise behavior of middle-aged women.
Female ; Humans ; Intention

No abstract available.
Condoms* ; Education* ; Humans ; Intention*

PURPOSE: This study aims to find out ultimate forecasting factors of intention to resign by examining the degree of burnout, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention to resign in hospital nurses and to look into the differences among them according to general characteristics. METHODS: This study used investigation of relationships to analyze relations among burnout, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention to resign in hospital nurses to find out factors influencing turnover intention to resign in hospital nurses. RESULTS: This study revealed that the higher job dissatisfaction and burnout of hospital nurses, the higher turnover intention to resign. This study also showed that the higher burnout caused the lower job satisfaction which led to resignation and a forecasting factor that influenced turnover intention to resign was burnout. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to conduct continuous and systematic research and to seek ways that can prevent the resignation of nurses and improve job satisfaction in hospital nurses.
Forecasting ; Intention ; Job Satisfaction

PURPOSE: This study was performed to identify the impact of self-leadership and organizational commitment on intention among psychiatric mental health nurses to remain in the profession. METHODS: For this descriptive correlational study, participants were 177 psychiatric mental health nurses with more .than 3 months of psychiatric mental health experience, working in one of eight hospitals in four areas. Data were collected from December 21, 2015 to February 22, 2016 using self-report questionnaires and were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression with IBM SPSS 19.0. RESULTS: Self-leadership and organizational commitment correlated positively with intention to remain. According to the analysis of the impact of self-leadership and organizational commitment on intention to remain, organizational commitment was the most significant predictor variable. CONCLUSION: Study findings suggest that improvement in the organizational commitment of psychiatric mental health nurses increases their intention remain. It is necessary to come up with a strategy which strengthens organizational commitment in order to improve psychiatric mental health nurses' intention to remain in the profession.
Intention* ; Mental Health*