38 patients with different mental diseases, age of 18-66, and used the sedative who were interviewed by composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI) 2.1. The results have shown that it should select many kinds of disease for CIDI. It was a major scientific tool for mental profession in Vietnam
Mental Health ; Intelligence Tests

OBJECTIVE: We examined the difference between IQ(Intelligence Quotient) estimated from computerized Standard Progressive Matrices(SPM) score(SPM IQ) and Korean-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(KWAIS) IQ(KWAIS IQ) in Korean patients with mental disorders in order to test the validity of SPM as a brief nonverbal intelligence test, and to find the groups that need standardization. And, we studied the method to predict KWAIS IQ more precisely from SPM test. METHODS: SPM test in Vienna test system was administered to 166 Korean patients with mental disorders. The degree of consistency and Pearson's correlation coefficient between SPM IQ and KWAIS IQ in total subjects and groups by sex, age, education, and clinical diagnosis were investigated. And, we obtained a regression equation to predict KWAIS IQ from SPM score. RESULTS: In total subjects, Pearson's correlation coefficient between SPM IQ and KWAIS IQ was as high as 0.704, and the percent of patients whose absolute value of difference between SPM IQ and KWAIS IQ is equal to or less than 10 was 54.8%. The degree of consistency between SPM IQ and KWAIS IQ was influenced by age and educational level. SPM IQ were higher than KWAIS IQ in younger age and lower education group. SPM IQ were lower than KWAIS IQ in older age and higher education group. The regression equation from SPM score, age, and education years predicted KWAIS IQ more correctly. CONCLUSION: The Computerized Standard Progressive Matrices test is validated and can be used usefully as a brief nonverbal intelligence test in patients with mental disorders. In order to provide more precise evaluation, standardized data should be prepared for age group 16 to 25 and age group 26 to 35 with lower educational level.
Adult ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Mental Disorders*

Objective To analyze the differences in accuracy of different eye movement parameters in distinguishing the cooperation and non-cooperation during image completion test of patients with mental disorders caused by craniocerebral trauma. Methods One hundred and forty cases of patients with mental disorders caused by craniocerebral trauma who took psychiatric impairment assessments were collected. The 21 pictures from "image completion" of Wechsler intelligence test were used as stimulating pictures, then divided into cooperation group and non-cooperation group according to binomial forced-choice digit memory test and expert opinions. The eye movement parameters of research subjects during completion of images were obtained by the SMI eye-tracker. The accuracy of eye movement parameters in distinguishing the cooperation or non-cooperation of patients with mental disorders caused by craniocerebral trauma in psychiatric impairment assessments were evaluated by the ROC curve. Results During the process of the image completion test, the area under curve （AUC） value of frequency of blink, frequency of fixation, pupil size, frequency of saccade, latency of saccade, average acceleration of saccade, the average and peak longitudinal velocity of saccade was above 0.5. When it comed to a specific stimulating picture, the AUC value of frequency of blink in looking at a specific stimulating picture could be above 0.8, and the AUC value of X axis diameter of pupil size could be above 0.7. Conclusion The accuracy of eye movement parameters in distinguishing the cooperation or disguise of patients with mental disorders caused by craniocerebral trauma is related with the stimulating picture. The accuracy of frequency of blink in distinguishing cooperation and non-cooperation is better than that of other eye movement parameters.
Blinking ; Eye Movements ; Humans ; Intelligence Tests

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to investigate the proportion of dementia studies and the trends of the use of neuropsychological tests in dementia studies for the past 10 years. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 715 original articles published in Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association and 72 original articles published in Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2009. Among those, there were 78 articles of dementia study and 36 articles using the neuropsychological test used for the analysis. According to the published year, all articles were divided into two stages (between 2000-2004, between 2005-2009). The data were collected for what neuropsychological tests were used. RESULTS: The proportion of dementia studies increased from 8.2% to 12.4% and the proportion of dementia studies using the neuropsychological test decreased from 60.5% to 37.5%, when comparing the two stages. The use rate of screening tests, intelligence tests, and domain-specific cognitive tests decreased from 91.3% to 84.6%, 13.0% to 0%, 91.3% to 76.9% respectively, whereas the use rate of comprehensive assessment of dementia increased from 21.7% to 38.5%. CONCLUSION: These results show an increasing trend in dementia studies and decreasing rate of neuropsychological test use in Korea. However, the use rate of comprehensive assessment of dementia increased.
Dementia ; Geriatric Psychiatry ; Intelligence Tests ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Neuropsychological Tests

OBJECTIVES: This study was focused on the influence of chronic aircraft noise exposure on children's continuous performance, intelligence and reading skill. METHODS: We enrolled 586 children in 4-6th grade of 7 primary schools near air base in Korea. Continuous performance was measured using the computerized ADS program. We analyzed 477-512 children on the visual continuous performance test, auditory continuous performance test, intelligence test, and reading and the vocabulary test. Intelligence was measured using vocabulary, digit span, block design, and digit symbol tests of K-WISC-III. RESULTS: The commission error and variability deviation of auditory continuous performance test and reading test were significantly higher among children in schools with the helicopter noise and the fighting plane noise compared to children in the low noised schools. CONCLUSION: There was a possibility that chronic aircraft noise exposure was associated with impairment of the school performance. The result of our study also shows chronic aircraft noise was associated with reading ability.
Aircraft* ; Child* ; Cognition* ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Korea ; Language Tests ; Noise* ; Reading ; Vocabulary

OBJECTIVES: The study compared the intelligence test profiles of Tourette's Disorder (TD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and TD with ADHD (TD+ADHD) groups. METHODS: The Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-third edition (K-WISC-III) and Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fourth edition (K-WISC-IV) were administered to 13 children and adolescents with TD, 17 children and adolescents with ADHD, and 15 children and adolescents with TD+ADHD. Each parameter was compared among the groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The mean scores of the freedom from distractibility/working memory index (FD/WMI) and the digit span and arithmetic subtests of the TD+ADHD group were significantly lower than those of the TD group. CONCLUSION: According to the intelligence test results, the comorbid ADHD+TD group showed a significant decrease in working memory compared to the TD group. These findings are similar to those of previous research on cognitive functions and suggest that the TD+ADHD comorbid and TD alone groups exhibit different endophenotypes. The results also imply that WISC-III and WISC-IV, the most commonly used intelligence tests clinically, are effective in evaluating cognitive functions such as attention. Further research is required to confirm these results.
Adolescent ; Child ; Cognition ; Endophenotypes ; Freedom ; Humans ; Intelligence Tests* ; Intelligence* ; Memory ; Memory, Short-Term ; Tourette Syndrome*

PURPOSE: Congenital hypothyroidism(CH) is not uncommon disorder, leading to retardation of mental development and growth, if not treated early. The aim of this study is to determine the factors influencing IQ of children with CH, diagnosed after 1 month of life. METHODS : Thirteen children with CH were included. They had intelligence test by KEDI-WISC(Korean Educational Development Institute-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) and their medical records were reviewed. Their T4, TSH, height, age at diagnosis were investigated retrospectively. To evaluate the influence of T4, TSH, height, age at diagnosis on IQ, children were divided into three groups ; athyroid(n=8), sublingual(n=3), inborn errors of thyroid hormone synthesis(n=2) according to the result of thyroid scan. Results : In athyroid group, IQ closely correlated to VIQ and PIQ and had close relationship to T4 at diagnosis(.p=0.0086, r=0.8427), but no relation to TSH. There was no difference in height, T4 TSH, and IQ between athyroid and sublingual group. CONCLUSION : The results suggest that intellectual function in children with CH, diagnosed after 1 month of life depends on serum level of T4 at diagnosis. Further study is mandatory to elucidate the relationship between final IQ and factors, including thyroid function, age at diagnosis, adequacy of treatment, etc.
Child* ; Congenital Hypothyroidism* ; Diagnosis ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Thyroid Gland

OBJECTIVES: We analyzed the usefulness of intelligence test in assessing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: The medical records of 312 patients with ADHD who visited the child psychiatry department in one university hospital in Seoul, Korea, were reviewed. Demographic data and scores on the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (K-WISC-III) and Korean-Conners' Parent Rating Scale (K-CPRS) were analyzed. To assess the relationship with comorbidities, ADHD subjects were classified as; externalizing disorders, internalizing disorders, tic disorders, and no comorbidities. RESULTS: Verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) was significantly higher than performance IQ (PIQ)(102.6+/-14.44, 99.2+/-14.48, p<.001). Using mean scatter method, subtest scores such as 'information, similarities, digit span and coding' were significantly lower than mean scores of sum of subtests of VIQ or PIQ (p<.05). Regarding comorbidities, children with externalizing disorders exhibited. Lower scores on 'information and vocabulary' than other groups (p=.008). Children with no comorbidities exhibited higher scores on 'similarities and object assembly' than children with externalizing/internalizing disorders (p=.001) and also on 'comprehension' than children with externalizing disorders (p=.006). For subtypes of ADHD, children with hyperactive-impulsive type had higher scores on 'comprehension' than children with inattentive and combined type (p=.004). CONCLUSION: These results suggested that intelligence test might provide useful information for assessing ADHD.
Child ; Child Psychiatry ; Comorbidity ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Parents ; Pilot Projects ; Tic Disorders

OBJECTIVES: We analyzed the usefulness of intelligence test in assessing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: The medical records of 312 patients with ADHD who visited the child psychiatry department in one university hospital in Seoul, Korea, were reviewed. Demographic data and scores on the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (K-WISC-III) and Korean-Conners' Parent Rating Scale (K-CPRS) were analyzed. To assess the relationship with comorbidities, ADHD subjects were classified as; externalizing disorders, internalizing disorders, tic disorders, and no comorbidities. RESULTS: Verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) was significantly higher than performance IQ (PIQ)(102.6+/-14.44, 99.2+/-14.48, p<.001). Using mean scatter method, subtest scores such as 'information, similarities, digit span and coding' were significantly lower than mean scores of sum of subtests of VIQ or PIQ (p<.05). Regarding comorbidities, children with externalizing disorders exhibited. Lower scores on 'information and vocabulary' than other groups (p=.008). Children with no comorbidities exhibited higher scores on 'similarities and object assembly' than children with externalizing/internalizing disorders (p=.001) and also on 'comprehension' than children with externalizing disorders (p=.006). For subtypes of ADHD, children with hyperactive-impulsive type had higher scores on 'comprehension' than children with inattentive and combined type (p=.004). CONCLUSION: These results suggested that intelligence test might provide useful information for assessing ADHD.
Child ; Child Psychiatry ; Comorbidity ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Parents ; Pilot Projects ; Tic Disorders

BACKGROUNDCesarean section births have been steadily increasing over the past decade and have become an epidemic in China. Cesarean delivery on maternal request is a major contributor to this upward trend, and there has been of much concern about its impact on maternal and child health. Most of mothers believe that cesarean delivery on maternal request can improve the child's intelligence, but direct evidence is sparse. In this cohort study, we aimed to directly assess the impact of cesarean delivery on maternal request on childhood intelligence.

METHODSIntelligence quotient (IQ) of 4144 preschool children from 21 cities/counties of Zhejiang and Jiangsu province whose mothers were registered in a population-based perinatal surveillance program during 1993-1996 was assessed with Chinese Wechsler Young Children Scale of Intelligence (C-WYCSI) in 2000. The outcomes were full-scale IQ, verbal IQ, and performance IQ of C-WYCSI. Mode of delivery and covariates were obtained from the surveillance program. We estimated unadjusted and adjusted effects of cesarean delivery on maternal request and assisted vaginal delivery on IQ scores compared with spontaneous vaginal delivery using regression analysis.

RESULTSThe mean full-scale, verbal, and performance IQ for all children was 99.3 ± 16.1, 93.6 ± 17.7, and 105.3 ± 14.3. In crude analysis, cesarean delivery on maternal request versus spontaneous vaginal delivery was associated with an increase of 3.9 (95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 7.2) points in full-scale IQ, 4.8 (1.2 to 8.4) points in verbal IQ, and 2.4 (-0.6 to 5.3) points in performance IQ. After adjusting for maternal education, occupation, and IQ, the advantage was reduced to 1.6 (-1.3 to 4.5), 2.3 (-0.8 to 5.5), and 0.6 (-2.0 to 3.3) points for full-scale, verbal, and performance IQ, respectively. Assisted vaginal delivery versus spontaneous vaginal delivery was not associated with IQ scores in any analysis.

CONCLUSIONNeither cesarean delivery on maternal request nor assisted vaginal delivery affected children's IQ.

Cesarean Section ; adverse effects ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence ; physiology ; Intelligence Tests ; Male ; Pregnancy