Botolinum is a toxic polypeptide produced by the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum that inhibits acetylcholine release from nerve endings, resulting in reduced neuromuscular transmission and local muscle activity, as well as cholinergic mediated parasympathetic activities.1 Its name is derived from the Latin word botulus, meaning sausage, as its toxicity was initially attributed to the oil of spoiled sausages. Of late, botolinum, packaged in various commercial forms such as onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox® type A, Allergan, Irvine, CA), is popularly used in several medical applications such as blepharospasm, hyperhidrosis and strabismus, and most famously in cosmetic surgery, where Botox® injections are used to eliminate and/or smoothen wrinkles.
Injections

No abstract available.
Injections, Epidural*

No abstract available.
Injections, Epidural*

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to play a central role in the pathophysiologic process underlying neovascular eye diseases. As such, anti-VEGF-based pharmacologic agents have emerged as a highly effective treatment modality for various visually debilitating retinal and choroidal vascular pathologies. The introduction of these pharmacologic agents directly into the vitreous cavity by means of an injection through the pars plana has become a widely performed ophthalmic procedure both locally and overseas.
Intravitreal Injections

No abstract available.
Injections, Epidural* ; Ultrasonography*

Keratoacanthoma is a rapidly growing tumor that has the tendency of spontaneous involution but it may persist for some times, continue to enlarge and may become invasive and destructive. Many modalities are available for the treatment of keratoacanthoma. Although excisional surgery is the treatment of choice, this can result in functional and cosmetic defects when large or strategically located lesions are treated. An effective nonsurgical treatment would be desirable in such cases. We report two cases with unusually large or facial keratoacanthoma treated with intralesional methotrexate. One case showed complete resolution over 6 injections and the other after 2 injections. We suggest that intralesional injection of methotrexate is a simple, effective, safe and inexpensive method for the treatment of large keratoacanthoma.
Injections, Intralesional ; Keratoacanthoma* ; Methotrexate*

No abstract available.
Dopamine* ; Injections, Spinal*

No abstract available.
Dopamine* ; Injections, Spinal*

We encountered a case of an accidental epidural injection of ondansetron through an epidural catheter. No neurological complications were noted. This case highlights the need for more attention to minimize the risk of epidural injections.
Catheters ; Injections, Epidural* ; Ondansetron*

No abstract available.
Headache ; Injections, Epidural ; Pneumocephalus