Botolinum is a toxic polypeptide produced by the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum that inhibits acetylcholine release from nerve endings, resulting in reduced neuromuscular transmission and local muscle activity, as well as cholinergic mediated parasympathetic activities.1 Its name is derived from the Latin word botulus, meaning sausage, as its toxicity was initially attributed to the oil of spoiled sausages. Of late, botolinum, packaged in various commercial forms such as onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox® type A, Allergan, Irvine, CA), is popularly used in several medical applications such as blepharospasm, hyperhidrosis and strabismus, and most famously in cosmetic surgery, where Botox® injections are used to eliminate and/or smoothen wrinkles.
Injections

No abstract available.
Injections, Epidural*

No abstract available.
Injections, Epidural*

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to play a central role in the pathophysiologic process underlying neovascular eye diseases. As such, anti-VEGF-based pharmacologic agents have emerged as a highly effective treatment modality for various visually debilitating retinal and choroidal vascular pathologies. The introduction of these pharmacologic agents directly into the vitreous cavity by means of an injection through the pars plana has become a widely performed ophthalmic procedure both locally and overseas.
Intravitreal Injections

No abstract available.
Injections, Intralesional* ; Tuberculosis*

No abstract available.
Injections, Intramuscular* ; Pilomatrixoma* ; Vaccination

A cross-sectional study was carried out in three health care facilities (HCFs) in Ha Noi. The result showed that: the facilities ensured using sterilized disposable injection syringes and needles. Health care workers were fully equipped personal protective equipment. The health care facilities had sharp container. Some safe injection practice standards were well implemented as giving injection as prescription (100%), identify injection sites (91.4-100%) kept needles and syringes in a sharp container (89.0%-96.6%). However washing hand for sterilizing only accounted for 41.7%-55.1%
Delivery of Health Care ; Injections

Study on 50 cases treated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) at Tu Du Hospital. There were 490 sperm injected oocytes. There wasn’t difference between fertilization rates of injected ovule with normal sperm and with abnormal sperm. The embryo development rate from fertilized oocytes is better if normal sperm were injected: 25.2% of normal sperm injected oocytes developed into good quality embryos, while none of embryos generated from oocytes injected with abnormal sperm is of good quality. The selection of sperm for ICSI plays an important role in getting high results in ICSI and this procedure should be complied sperm morphologic criteria recommended by WHO in order to improve the fertilization rate and embryo quality
Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; Spermatozoa

After utilization of CT scanner in the diagnosic of patients with severe head injuries, IH is more frequently reported. Patients with head injuries associated with IH have worse prognosis than that with no IH. This suggests that cranio-cerebral trauma is the major cause of that bad prognosis.
Injections, Intraventricular ; Prognosis

The application of embryo cryopreservation is now a routine feature of clinical ART programs. The cryopreservation of embryos following in vitro fertilization (IVF) provides numerous advantages to couples. The first advantage is that of further possibilities for conception in addition to those achieved from the fresh cycle. Secondly, the cryopreservation of embryos provides a method of storage of excess embryos, thus helping to alleviate pressures to transfer high numbers of embryos. Thirdly, embryo cryopreservation plays an important role to prevent severe ovarian hyperstimulation, thus allowing a delay of embryo transfer to a later cycle and diminished the severity of hyperstimulation. Excessive embryos with good quality can be stored at cleavage (4-8 cell) or at blastocyst stage. The success rate for using cryopreserved-thawed embryos was reported to be 4-20%. In this paper, we reported the first clinical pregnancy in Vietnam from a subsequent thawing cycle
Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic