OBJECTIVETo explore a simple and reliable method for intraperitoneal injection through a paravertebral approach in rabbits.

METHODSSixty New Zealand rabbits were randomized into conventional group and modified groups to receive intraperitoneal injections through conventional and paravertebral approaches, respectively. In the conventional group, the injection site was on the abdominal wall 3~4 cm lateral from the umbilicus bilaterally, while that in the modified group was located dorsally at L5/L6 level 3-4 cm lateral from the midline. Abdominal CT scan was performed in the post-injection rabbits, which were sacrificed after 24 h for abdominal dissection.

RESULTSSuccess with a single puncture was achieved in 13 out of the 20 rabbits in the conventional group, and the rest required at least two punctures, with a mean rank sum of 23.50. With the modified approach, a single attempt was successful in all the 40 rabbits, with a mean rank sum of 34.0, showing a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). The success rates of a single injection differed significantly between the two groups (P<0.01). CT scan and abdominal dissection showed that the injection site with the modified approach was far away from the vital organs and large vessels with less peritoneal hyperemia and exudation.

CONCLUSIONParavertebral intraperitoneal paracentesis is a convenient and reliable method for intraperitoneal injection in rabbits.

The study was designed to evaluate the effects of sertraline on l% sucrose intake and weight change in rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress and normal controls. We applied 11 types of stress regimens and identified depressive behaviours in 18 Spraque-Dawley rats for 8 weeks. After 4 weeks of chronic unpredictable mild stress procedure, those 18 rats were stratified into a sertraline-treated subgroup and a saline subgroup. Also nonstressed 18 rats were stratified into the sertraline-treated subgroup and the saline subgroup and were started intraperitoneal injections of sertraline(4.29mg/Kg) or saline for rest of 4 weeks. The 1% sucrose intake and the body weight were checked on the 4th day of every week, over the 8 weeks of experiment. The results were as follows: 1) The sertraline-treated subgroup of chronic unpredictable mild stressed rats showed significant increase of 1% sucrose intake between the 1st week and the 2nd, the 3rd and 4th week, while the sertraline-treated subgroup of non-stressed rats showed decreasing trend for 1% sucrose intake. 2) The sertraline-treated subgroup of chronic unpredictable mild-stressed rats showed a sustained decrease of body weight, while the sertraline-treated subgroup of non-stressed rats showed a non-significant increase of body weight. 3) In the group subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress, there were no significant correlations between 1% sucrose intake and body weight and also no correlations in the nonstressed group. In summary, sertraline had an effect on restoring the decreased 1% sucrose intake to normal condition but no effect on regaining the body weight in the chronic unpredictable mild stresstreated rats. Sertraline resulted in a decrease of l% sucrose intake and no effect on body weight in the non-stressed rats.
Animals ; Body Weight* ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Rats* ; Sertraline* ; Sucrose*

To evaluate the influence of 5-thio-D-glucose on irradiation effect after hyperthermia, an experimental study was carried out using a total of 72 mice. A single dose of 3000 rads was delivered on skin of mouse tail after hyperthermia with or without intraperitoneal injection of 5-thio-D-glucose 2 hours before irradiation. The hyperthermia was carried out at 43degrees C for 40 minutes just before the irradiation. The skin changes of their radiatied mouse tail were observed from 7th to 31st post-irradiation days, and the scores were anlayzed. Theresults are as follows; 1. Radiation damage on mouse skin increased significantly when radiation was combined withhyperthermia. 2. In the group of 5-thio-D-glucose and irradiation after hyperthermia, radiation damage on mouseskin significantly decreased than in the group without 5-thio-D-glucose. 3. 5-thio-D-glucose appears to be apotential radioprotective agent in clinical radiotherapy with hyperthermia.
Animals ; Fever ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Mice ; Radiation Injuries ; Radiotherapy ; Skin ; Tail

Intravitreal and intraperitoneal administrations of sodium L-glutamate induced the retinal degenerations in adult rabbits. Electroretiongram was completely extinguished by the intravitreal injection of glutamate (50mg in 0.1ml) followed by slight recovery. The retina showed marked thinning with almost diffuse degeneration in all retinal layers. Intraperitoneal injection of a sigle large dose of glutamate(8g/Kg) produced moderate reduction in the amplitudes of a-and b-waves with degenerative changes in the retina, mainly involving the inner layers and the periphery of the fundus, parallel to the ERG changes. Administrations of small doses (2.5g/Kg and 5.0g/Kg) for 7 days induced moderate reduction in the a-and b-waves with slight histological changes, especially marked in the inner layers of the retina. Possible mechanisms of the toxic effects of glutamate were discussed.
Adult ; Glutamic Acid ; Humans ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Intravitreal Injections ; Rabbits* ; Retina* ; Retinal Degeneration ; Retinaldehyde ; Sodium Glutamate* ; Sodium*

Insulin is well known to have a hepatotrophic effect, but exogenous insulin has a negative effect on liver regeneration because it decreases the level of endogenous insulin. Howerver intraportal exogenous insulin will have some differences. This study was set up to analyse the effect of portal insulin via intraperitoneal route on liver regeneration in rats which have a normal pancreas with or without liver cirrhosis after partial hepatectomy. Beforehand, insulin levels of the portal blood at the time intervals of 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of insulin were measured and compared with those after subcutaneous injection. The results were: 1.5, 140.9, 58.6, 20.4, 14.3 g/ml in intraperitoneal group(n=14) and 1.5, 22.3, 27.1, 32.4, 29.1 g/ml in subcutaneous group(n=14). Intraperitoneally injected insulin was absorbed more rapidly than subcutaneously injected insulin. Thirty nine rats with normal liver were divided into 5 groups A(n=8): intraperitoneal saline, B(n=9): intraperitoneal insulin 2 IU/Kg, C(n=7): subcutaneuos insulin 2 IU/Kg, D(n=7): intraperitoneal insulin 5 IU/Kg, E(n=8): subcutaneous insulin 5 IU/Kg. They were all 2/3 partial hepatectomized and remnant livers were obtained after 24 hours after hepatectomy. Ninety minutes before sacrifice, 100 Ci,H3-thymidine was injected intraperitoneally and their C.P.M./ g of DNA was measured and compared with each other groups. The same procedures were done with another twenty seven rats with liver cirrhosis (A'(n=5), B'(n=6), C'(n=6), D'(n=5), E'(n=5)) which was induced by oral ingestion of CCl4 for 12 weeks. The results were: 38.29, 25.77, 14.37, 34.04, 23.83 C.P.M./ g in normal rat group and 23.76, 8.11, 10.89, 8.80, 12.22 C.P.M./ g. In normal rat, the C.P.M.'s of intraperitoneal groups were higher than those of subcutaneous group and the difference was statistically significant between A and C group (p<0.05). In cirrhotic group, there were not any significant differences between any two groups. It can be concluded that exogenous insulin has an inhibitory effect on liver regeneration. But intraperitoneal insulin exerts less inhibitory effect on liver regeneration than subcutaneous insulin because intraportal insulin is more potent in liver regeneration and has less negative feed back on endogenous insulin than systemic insulin.
Animals ; DNA ; Eating ; Hepatectomy ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Insulin* ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Regeneration* ; Liver* ; Pancreas ; Rats*

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the central antinociceptive effects of eugenol after intraperitoneal administration. Experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin-induced nociceptive behavioral responses was used as the pain model. Subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin significantly produced nociceptive responses by increasing the licking time during nociceptive behavior. Subsequent intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg of eugenol led to a significant decrease in the licking time. However, low dose of eugenol (50 mg/kg) did not affect the nociceptive behavioral responses produced by subcutaneous injection of formalin. Intrathecal injection of 30 µg of naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, significantly blocked antinociceptive effects produced by intraperitoneal injection of eugenol. Neither intrathecal injection of methysergide (30 µg), a serotonin receptor antagonist nor phentolamine (30 µg), an α-adrenergic receptor antagonist influenced antinociceptive effects of eugenol, as compared to the vehicle treatment. These results suggest that central opioid pathway participates in mediating the antinociceptive effects of eugenol.
Eugenol ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Injections, Spinal ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Male ; Methysergide ; Naloxone ; Negotiating ; Phentolamine ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Opioid ; Serotonin

In order to investigate the main factor of pathogenicity in V. mimicus, we have studied the toxic effects of j3-hemolysin produced by V. mimicus. The purified hemolysin of V. mimicus was active erythrocytes from three animal species including mouse, rabbit and rat, but the hemolysin was most active against rabbit erythrocyte. The hemolysin lysed cultured cell and killed mouse. Rapid death of mouse was observed with rather small doses of the toxin. Intravenous injection of 20 mg of the purified toxin killed mice within 25 sec. The hemolysin also had a lethal effect on intraperitoneal injection into mice although less than on intravenous injection. Purified hemolysin injected rabbits had large morphological change in jejunum. In electron micrograph of thin sections of the human erythrocytes, cells were threated with the hemolysin at 37 C for 5 min., significant changes were not observed. But after 10 min., hemolysis was observed and after 60 min., complete degradation of human erythrocyte was observed.
Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Erythrocytes ; Hemolysis ; Humans ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Injections, Intravenous ; Jejunum ; Mice ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Vibrio mimicus* ; Vibrio* ; Virulence

In order to demonstrate autoradiographically the sites of serotonin metabolism in the brain, DL 5-HTP and DL 5-HTP-C14 were intraperitoneally administered to healthy adult mice. In order to distinguish histochemically serotonin-like substances which have staining characteristics similar to the enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract, serotonin-releaser reserpine was administered intravenously to healthy adult rabbits. A stripping film technique for autoradiography, a ferric ferricyanide reduction test by Schmorl, and a Gomori-Burtner methenamine silver staining method for argentaffin cells were used in this study. In the brain tissues of mice treated with 5-HTP, it was observed that the cytoplasm of the nerve cells, of the cerebral cortex had blue positive staining substances by the ferric ferricyanide technique. In similar tissue sites in mice treated with 5-HTP-C14, a number of blackened-par-ticles reduced by beta rays were easily found. especially in the cytoplasm of nerve cells and neuroglia cells. It is suggested that the serotonin precursor, DL 5-hydrox-ytryptophan is metabolized the cerebral tissue, and serotonin is synthesized also in the nerve cells and the neuroglia cells.
5-Hydroxytryptophan/diagnostic use ; Animals ; Brain/*metabolism ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Injections, Intravenous ; Mice ; Reserpine/diagnostic use ; Serotonin/*metabolism ; Staining and Labeling

BACKGROUND: Vitamin E is widely known to be one of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and a drug that can easily be obtained, and it has been shown to attenuate the pain responses induced by various causes in animal pain models. Thus, this experiment was conducted to assess the antinociceptive effects of vitamin E by comparing intraperitoneal and intrathecal injections in rats subjected to the formalin test. METHODS: After the intraperitoneal and intrathecal injections of vitamin E were carried out, respectively (IP: 500 mg/kg, 1 g/kg, and 2 g/kg, IT: 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 30 mg/kg), the formalin test was perfumed. As soon as 5% formalin was injected into left hind paw, the number of flinches induced by pain was measured at 5-minute intervals for 1 hour. RESULTS: Formalin injected into the left hind paw induced biphasic nociceptive behavior in all animals. Intraperitoneal injection of vitamin E diminished the nociceptive behavior in a dose-dependent manner during the early and late phase. Intrathecal vitamin E diminished nociceptive behavior dose dependently during the late phase but showed no significant difference in the early phase. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin E attenuated acute nociception when it was injected systemically, while both systemic and intrathecal injection produced analgesia in a rat model of formalin-induced hyperalgesia.
Analgesia ; Animals ; Formaldehyde ; Hyperalgesia ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Injections, Spinal ; Nociception ; Pain Measurement ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

PURPOSE: Luciferase is one of the most commonly used reporter enzymes in the field of in vivo optical imaging. D-luciferin, the substrate for firefly luciferase has very high cost that allows this kind of experiment limited to small animals such as mice and rats. In this current study, we validated local injection of D-luciferin in the articular capsule for bioluminescence imaging in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chondrocytes were cultured and infected by replication-defective adenoviral vector encoding firefly luciferase (Fluc). Chondrocytes expressing Fluc were injected or implanted in the left knee joint. The rabbits underwent optical imaging studies after local injection of D-luciferin at 1, 5, 7, 9 days after cellular administration. We sought whether optimal imaging signals was could be by a cooled CCD camera after local injection of D-luciferin. RESULTS: Imaging signal was not observed from the left knee joint after intraperitoneal injection of D-luciferin (15 mg/kg), whereas it was observed after intraarticular injection. Photon intensity from the left knee joint of rabbits was compared between cell injected and implanted groups after intraarticular injection of D-luciferin. During the period of imaging studies, photon intensity of the cell implanted group was 5-10 times higher than that of the cell injected group. CONCLUSION: We successfully imaged chondrocytes expressing Fluc after intraarticular injection of D-luciferin. This technique may be further applied to develop new drugs for knee joint disease.
Adenoviridae ; Animals ; Chondrocytes* ; Fireflies ; Injections, Intra-Articular* ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Joint Capsule ; Knee Joint ; Luciferases ; Mice ; Optical Imaging ; Rabbits* ; Rats