An increasing use of complementary and alternative medicine(CAM) is apparent both in Asian and in Western countries for the management of numerous diseases to improve symptoms and to improve general health and well being. Many patients with benign prostatitc hyperplasia(BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS), erectile dysfunction(ED), urinary tract infection(UTI) are using CAM. Complementary and alternative medicines for urologic malignancies such as renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer are also one of the important issues in the management of patients. Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals are commonly used modality for the patients with BPH/LUTS or ED. Vegetables and cruciferous fruits showed significant preventive effect on urologic malignancies in many studies. Phytotherapy for BPH including beta-sitosterols, saw palmetto, pygeum, and nettles etc, is under vigorous research for their therapeutic effect. No solid evidence showing better effective treatment modality for ED than placebo was found yet in CAM area. Recently, a potent NO donor, L-arginine is under research with promising results. Cranberry juice has been used for the patients with recurrent UTI but safety was a limit for its use. Various antioxidants have been studied for prevention of urological malignancies. Lycopene, isoflavone, vitamin A, C, and E, and polyphenols showed the possibility of decreasing cancer incidence in many studies but their effect is still controversial. Vitamin D is known to be associated with cancer progression and the effect of combination treatment with other chemotherapeutic agents for advanced cancer is under trial. CAM is used by a number of patients with urological diseases and urologists need to have both accurate knowledge and apprehension of CAM. The possible effects and side effects should be defined and offered to the urologic patients by urologists.
Incidence

Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is a well accepted and effective treatment for massive and recurrent hemoptysis. However, several complications of BAE have been reported. Cortical blindness is defined as a loss of vision caused by bilateral occipital lobe lesions with normal pupillary light reflexes and a normal fundus. The reported incidence of transient cortical blindness (TCB) after cerebrovertebral angiography is approximately 1%. Two cases of TCB after BAE were found from a Medline search. Here, we report another case of TCB who was treated with BAE for a massive hemoptysis.
Incidence

Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is a well accepted and effective treatment for massive and recurrent hemoptysis. However, several complications of BAE have been reported. Cortical blindness is defined as a loss of vision caused by bilateral occipital lobe lesions with normal pupillary light reflexes and a normal fundus. The reported incidence of transient cortical blindness (TCB) after cerebrovertebral angiography is approximately 1%. Two cases of TCB after BAE were found from a Medline search. Here, we report another case of TCB who was treated with BAE for a massive hemoptysis.
Incidence

Pulmonary nocardiosis is an infrequent but severe infection due to the microorganism, Nocardia spp, which may behave as both an opportunists and as a primary pathogens. Usually nocardiosis is found in patients under immunosuppressive regimens for organ transplans, chemotherapy for a malignancy and corticosteroids. The experience of pulmonary nocardiosis in the medical literature is limited to just case reports, with a few series including extrapulmonary nocardiosis. It is believed that the incidence of this infection has been increasing since 1960. The diagnosis is difficult because of the nonspecific clinical manifestations, the lack of laboratory evidence, and the non-specific radiographic findings. Here, we report a case of pulmonary nocardiasis in a 66 year-old patient with alcoholic liver cirrhosis who has suffered from acutely developed dyspnea and general edema. The nocardia species. was cultured from a specimen obtained by a percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy.
Incidence

Immature teratoma accounts for less than I percent of all ovarian teratomas and occurs commonly in young individuals, the peak incidence being in the second decade. It contains a variable mixture of mature and immature tissues in which neuroectodermal elements almost always predominate. Gliomatosis peritonei, miliary implants of mature glial tissues on the peritoneum or omentum, is an infrequently reported complication of mature or immature ovarian teratomas. We describe the first case in Korea of a 12-year-old girl with an immature teratoma and numerous glial peritoneal implants.
Incidence

Malignant hyperthermia is a dramatic syndrome that rarely arises during anesthesia and which is still fatal in the majority of cases. It is a hypermetabolic muscle condition characterized by hyperpyrexia and skeletal muscle rigidity. Any potent inhalation anesthetic agent or any skeletal muscle relaxant can trigger this acute catast rophic reaction. A case is presented of a 28 year old femal with a family history of malignant hyperthermia in herrelatives. She sunderwent repair of a retinal detachment under N2O-O2-halothane withcinduction by thiopenthal and succinylcholine. One and half hours after induction, arrhythmia developed and was followed by unstable blood pressure, hyperpyrexia, muscular rigidity. Anesthesia was ended and vigorous emergency treatment was attempted. But she died postoperatively on the 4th day after anesthesia. The etiologic factors, incidence, clinical feature, prevention, treatment and prognosis of malignant hyperthermia are discussed.
Incidence

Cervical plexus block has been evaluated clinically for surgery of the anterior neck in 13 patients during the 10 months(from July 1981 to April 1982) at the Department of Anesthesiology in Capital Armed Forces General Hospital. We have assessed CPB for technique, onset, anesthetized area, duration, complication and supplimentary agents, and reviewed the anatomical aspects of cervical plexus. The distribution of injected local anesthetics was demonstrated under radiography using Urographin. We experienced incomplete block in 9 cases which needed substitution with Thalamonal. The incidence of complications was few and most significant complication seen in this study was respiratory difficulty. However, There was no evidence for phrenic nerve paralysis. Cervical plexus block was performed safely and effectively for surgery of the anterior neck.
Incidence

History, incidence and associated anormalies of the anorectal malformations were reviewed.
Incidence

Though basal cell carcinoma is the most frequent and increasing malignant tumor of the skin in Korea, its pathological analysis has been done only on the small numbers. So, we did a comprehensive pathologic study on the 283 patients with basal cell carcinoma diagnosed in the Department of Pathology, Seoul National(233cases) and Chung-Ang(50cases) University Hospital during 1975-1992. The age distribution was ranged from 15 to 84 years with highest incidence rate in the age group of 5th-8th decades and 83.7% of all patients were over 40 years of age. Sex difference was not noted. The most common site was face occuring in 235 out of 283cases(83.0%) especially in the eyelid(25.5%), nose(17.9%) and cheek(16.6%). The most frequent histopathologic type was solid type(54.0%) followed by mixed(23.9%), adenoid(7.5%), and metatypical(4.7%). Among 51 mixed type, all showed solid components with adenoid(51.0%) followed by morphea(25.5%) and metatypical type(13.7%). And among 14 recurrent cases, solid type is found in 50% of cases. The characteristic clinicopathological findings are solid arrangement of tumor cells with various histological pattern and predominant occurence on the face.
Incidence

Spindle cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract mucosa was usually presented as polypoid mass and shows squamous cell carcinoma or dysplasia in the surface and underlying spindle cell proliferation. The spindle cell area discloses a variable pattern of sarcoma including rare osteosarcoma of 0~20% incidence. The histogenetic origin of the spindle cell component is now considered a metaplasia of squamous cell carcinoma. We experienced a case of spindle cell carcinoma of larynx showing massive underlying bone formation with proliferation of osteoclast-like cells in 75 year-old man. The immunohistochemical study demonstrates positive reaction with cytokeratin in area of squamous cells and with vimentin in area of spindle cells and osteoclasts. There are very focal reactivity for high molecular weight cytokeratin in spindle cell area.
Incidence