The diagnosis of a bony fracture by the use of ultrasound is not common. However, with the advantage of the use of a real time examination and recent technical advances, the use of ultrasound has gradually been on the increase. In this pictorial review, we demonstrate the sonographic findings of various kinds of bony fractures where an ultrasound examination was effective in the diagnosis of a fracture. The use of ultrasound is compared with the use of other imaging modalities.
Imidazoles ; Nitro Compounds

BACKGROUND: Repeating a QC that is outside 2SD from the mean (1:2s rule) appears to be a common practice. Although this form of repeat-sampling is frowned on by many, the comparative power of the approach has not been formally evaluated. METHODS: We computed power functions mathematically and by computer simulation for 4 different 1:2s repeat-sampling strategies, as well as the 1:2s rule, the 1:3s rule, and 2 common QC multirules. RESULTS: The false-rejection rates for the repeat-sampling strategies were similarly low to those of the 1:3s QC rule. The error detection rates for the repeat-sampling strategies approached those of the 1:2s QC rule for moderate to large out-of-control error conditions. In most cases, the power of the repeat-sampling strategies was superior to the power of the QC multirules we evaluated. The increase in QC utilization rate ranged from 4% to 13% for the repeat-sampling strategies investigated. CONCLUSIONS: The repeat-sampling strategies provide an effective tactic to take advantage of the desirable properties of both the 1:2s and 1:3s QC rules. Additionally, the power of the repeat-sampling strategies compares favorably with the power of 2 common QC multirules. These improvements come with a modest increase in the average number of controls tested.
Computer Simulation ; Imidazoles ; Nitro Compounds

In vitro release and fungicidal effect of Ketoconazol from different ointment base at 2% concentration was studied. The rank order of the release pass cellophane membrane was as follow: Emulel > PEG ointments > emulsified ointment > carbopol 934, CMC, HPMC gel. The bank order of the fungicidal effect in vitro was as follow: emulgel and emulsified ointment > hydrophilic ointment
Ketoconazole ; Imidazoles ; therapeutics ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

Updates on the use of vardenafil (Levitra) in the treatment of erection disorders including: specific inhibition with PDE5, treatment efficacy, pharmacokinetics, tolerance level, interaction, contraindication, cautions especially for people with cardiovascular diseases or penis surgery deformation, dosage and use. Except for above contraindication and cautions, vardenafil can be considered as first choice for men with erection disorders in accordance with PDE5 inhibition treatment
Penile Erection ; Imidazoles ; Piperazines ; Therapeutics

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPSF) offers some of the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. However, an additional skin incision is necessary in order to gain these advantages. The author recently performed a modified PPSF through a single skin incision and it yielded good results. Here, we report the single incision percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (SIPPSF). METHODS: The medical records of 51 patients who underwent single segment transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) with pedicle screw fixation (PSF) between December 2009 and December 2011 were reviewed. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the PSF technique used; conventional group (Group C), SIPPSF (Group S) and PPSF through multiple skin incisions (Group M). Operation time, estimated blood loss (EBL) and pain intensity before and after the operation using a numeric rating scale (NRS) were evaluated. RESULTS: The number of patients in Group S, Group C and Group M was 25, 17 and 9, respectively. The NRS demonstrated a reduction in pain intensity in all the patients, and there were no differences in NRS scoring between the three groups. Group S showed a reduction in the EBL compared to Group C (p=0.001) and a reduction in the operation time compared to Group M(p=0.003). CONCLUSION: The author supposes that the type of skin incision does not correlate significantly with the clinical results of TLIF with PPSF. However, it can be considered that SIPPSF offers the advantage of avoiding an additional paramedian skin incision.
Humans ; Imidazoles ; Medical Records ; Nitro Compounds ; Skin

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPSF) offers some of the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. However, an additional skin incision is necessary in order to gain these advantages. The author recently performed a modified PPSF through a single skin incision and it yielded good results. Here, we report the single incision percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (SIPPSF). METHODS: The medical records of 51 patients who underwent single segment transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) with pedicle screw fixation (PSF) between December 2009 and December 2011 were reviewed. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the PSF technique used; conventional group (Group C), SIPPSF (Group S) and PPSF through multiple skin incisions (Group M). Operation time, estimated blood loss (EBL) and pain intensity before and after the operation using a numeric rating scale (NRS) were evaluated. RESULTS: The number of patients in Group S, Group C and Group M was 25, 17 and 9, respectively. The NRS demonstrated a reduction in pain intensity in all the patients, and there were no differences in NRS scoring between the three groups. Group S showed a reduction in the EBL compared to Group C (p=0.001) and a reduction in the operation time compared to Group M(p=0.003). CONCLUSION: The author supposes that the type of skin incision does not correlate significantly with the clinical results of TLIF with PPSF. However, it can be considered that SIPPSF offers the advantage of avoiding an additional paramedian skin incision.
Humans ; Imidazoles ; Medical Records ; Nitro Compounds ; Skin

In this study, we present the results obtained in an in vitro dissolution test and in vivo bioavailability study of some ketoconazol preparations (Ketoconazol – Traphaco, Vietnam and Nizoral – Janssen, Belgium). Rabbit plasma ketoconazol concentrations were measured by reverse phase HPLC, UV detection at 244 nm. Ketoconazol percentage released from the preparations was automatically measured using a paddle type dissolution tester with a Beckman spectrophotometer. The obtained results showed that there was no remarkable difference in bioavailability and dissolution between the two preparations (Ketoconazol – Traphaco and Nizoral - Janssen)
Ketoconazole ; Imidazoles ; tablets ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; therapeutics

Humans ; Imidazoles ; poisoning ; Neonicotinoids ; Nitro Compounds ; poisoning

Measurement of colon transit time is the most basic and primary tool in evaluating disorders of colonic motility. In particular, it is helpful in pathologic diagnosis and for planning management in patients with constipation. Several techniques for measuring colon transit time currently exist. The standard measurement of colon transit time has been performed using radioopaque marker test. The radioopaque marker test is the most widely used method; it is simple to perform as well as being cost effective. But, this technique produces radiation exposure. Radionuclide scintigraphy and wireless motility capsules are other techniques used to measure colon transit time. In radionuclide scintigraphy, the transit of radioisotope is viewed by gamma camera; this approach has an advantage in that it uses minimal radiation and it allows a physiological assessment of gastrointestinal transit. Wireless motility capsules have been validated most recently, but this technique is not useful in Korea. This review presents the techniques used to measure colon transit time and the interpretations provided in different colon transit studies.
Capsules ; Colon ; Constipation ; Gastrointestinal Transit ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; Korea ; Nitro Compounds

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) maximal intensity projection (MIP) reconstruction method in breast MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total 54 breasts of consecutive 27 patients were examined by breast MRI. Breast MRI was performed using GE Signa Excite Twin speed (GE medical system, Wisconsin, USA) 1.5T. We obtained routine breast MR images including axial T2WI, T1WI, sagittal T1FS, dynamic contrast-enhanced T1FS, and subtraction images. 3D MIP reconstruction images were obtained as follows; subtraction images were obtained using T1FS and early stage of contrast-enhanced T1FS images. And then 3D MIP images were obtained using the subtraction images through advantage workstation (GE Medical system). We detected and analyzed the lesions in the 3D MIP and routine MRI images according to ACR BIRADS(R) MRI lexicon. And then we compared the findings of 3D MIP and those of routine breast MR images and evaluated whether 3D MIP had additional information comparing to routine MR images. RESULTS: 3D MIP images detect the 43 of 56 masses found on routine MR images (76.8%). In non-mass like enhancement, 3D MIP detected 17 of 20 lesions (85 %). And there were one hundred sixty nine foci at 3D MIP images and one hundred nine foci at routine MR images. 3D MIP images detected 14 of 23 category 3 lesions (60.9%), 11 of 16 category 4 lesions (68.87%), 28 of 28 Category 5 lesions (100%). In analyzing the enhancing lesions at 3D MIP images, assessment categories of the lesions were correlated as the results at routine MR images (p-value<0.0001). 3D MIP detected additional two daughter nodules that were descriped foci at routine MR images and additional one nodule that was not detected at routine MR images. CONCLUSION: 3D MIP image has some limitations but is useful as additional image of routine breast MR images.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; Nitro Compounds ; Nuclear Family ; Wisconsin