The diagnosis of a bony fracture by the use of ultrasound is not common. However, with the advantage of the use of a real time examination and recent technical advances, the use of ultrasound has gradually been on the increase. In this pictorial review, we demonstrate the sonographic findings of various kinds of bony fractures where an ultrasound examination was effective in the diagnosis of a fracture. The use of ultrasound is compared with the use of other imaging modalities.
Imidazoles ; Nitro Compounds

BACKGROUND: Repeating a QC that is outside 2SD from the mean (1:2s rule) appears to be a common practice. Although this form of repeat-sampling is frowned on by many, the comparative power of the approach has not been formally evaluated. METHODS: We computed power functions mathematically and by computer simulation for 4 different 1:2s repeat-sampling strategies, as well as the 1:2s rule, the 1:3s rule, and 2 common QC multirules. RESULTS: The false-rejection rates for the repeat-sampling strategies were similarly low to those of the 1:3s QC rule. The error detection rates for the repeat-sampling strategies approached those of the 1:2s QC rule for moderate to large out-of-control error conditions. In most cases, the power of the repeat-sampling strategies was superior to the power of the QC multirules we evaluated. The increase in QC utilization rate ranged from 4% to 13% for the repeat-sampling strategies investigated. CONCLUSIONS: The repeat-sampling strategies provide an effective tactic to take advantage of the desirable properties of both the 1:2s and 1:3s QC rules. Additionally, the power of the repeat-sampling strategies compares favorably with the power of 2 common QC multirules. These improvements come with a modest increase in the average number of controls tested.
Computer Simulation ; Imidazoles ; Nitro Compounds

Updates on the use of vardenafil (Levitra) in the treatment of erection disorders including: specific inhibition with PDE5, treatment efficacy, pharmacokinetics, tolerance level, interaction, contraindication, cautions especially for people with cardiovascular diseases or penis surgery deformation, dosage and use. Except for above contraindication and cautions, vardenafil can be considered as first choice for men with erection disorders in accordance with PDE5 inhibition treatment
Penile Erection ; Imidazoles ; Piperazines ; Therapeutics

In vitro release and fungicidal effect of Ketoconazol from different ointment base at 2% concentration was studied. The rank order of the release pass cellophane membrane was as follow: Emulel > PEG ointments > emulsified ointment > carbopol 934, CMC, HPMC gel. The bank order of the fungicidal effect in vitro was as follow: emulgel and emulsified ointment > hydrophilic ointment
Ketoconazole ; Imidazoles ; therapeutics ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPSF) offers some of the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. However, an additional skin incision is necessary in order to gain these advantages. The author recently performed a modified PPSF through a single skin incision and it yielded good results. Here, we report the single incision percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (SIPPSF). METHODS: The medical records of 51 patients who underwent single segment transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) with pedicle screw fixation (PSF) between December 2009 and December 2011 were reviewed. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the PSF technique used; conventional group (Group C), SIPPSF (Group S) and PPSF through multiple skin incisions (Group M). Operation time, estimated blood loss (EBL) and pain intensity before and after the operation using a numeric rating scale (NRS) were evaluated. RESULTS: The number of patients in Group S, Group C and Group M was 25, 17 and 9, respectively. The NRS demonstrated a reduction in pain intensity in all the patients, and there were no differences in NRS scoring between the three groups. Group S showed a reduction in the EBL compared to Group C (p=0.001) and a reduction in the operation time compared to Group M(p=0.003). CONCLUSION: The author supposes that the type of skin incision does not correlate significantly with the clinical results of TLIF with PPSF. However, it can be considered that SIPPSF offers the advantage of avoiding an additional paramedian skin incision.
Humans ; Imidazoles ; Medical Records ; Nitro Compounds ; Skin

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPSF) offers some of the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. However, an additional skin incision is necessary in order to gain these advantages. The author recently performed a modified PPSF through a single skin incision and it yielded good results. Here, we report the single incision percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (SIPPSF). METHODS: The medical records of 51 patients who underwent single segment transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) with pedicle screw fixation (PSF) between December 2009 and December 2011 were reviewed. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the PSF technique used; conventional group (Group C), SIPPSF (Group S) and PPSF through multiple skin incisions (Group M). Operation time, estimated blood loss (EBL) and pain intensity before and after the operation using a numeric rating scale (NRS) were evaluated. RESULTS: The number of patients in Group S, Group C and Group M was 25, 17 and 9, respectively. The NRS demonstrated a reduction in pain intensity in all the patients, and there were no differences in NRS scoring between the three groups. Group S showed a reduction in the EBL compared to Group C (p=0.001) and a reduction in the operation time compared to Group M(p=0.003). CONCLUSION: The author supposes that the type of skin incision does not correlate significantly with the clinical results of TLIF with PPSF. However, it can be considered that SIPPSF offers the advantage of avoiding an additional paramedian skin incision.
Humans ; Imidazoles ; Medical Records ; Nitro Compounds ; Skin

In this study, we present the results obtained in an in vitro dissolution test and in vivo bioavailability study of some ketoconazol preparations (Ketoconazol – Traphaco, Vietnam and Nizoral – Janssen, Belgium). Rabbit plasma ketoconazol concentrations were measured by reverse phase HPLC, UV detection at 244 nm. Ketoconazol percentage released from the preparations was automatically measured using a paddle type dissolution tester with a Beckman spectrophotometer. The obtained results showed that there was no remarkable difference in bioavailability and dissolution between the two preparations (Ketoconazol – Traphaco and Nizoral - Janssen)
Ketoconazole ; Imidazoles ; tablets ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; therapeutics

Humans ; Imidazoles ; poisoning ; Neonicotinoids ; Nitro Compounds ; poisoning

Endovascular stent graft placement in Stanford type B aortic dissection has increased as a result of the demonstration of its safety and efficacy. Despite the advantage of reduced mortality and morbidity, the mid-to long-term prognosis and possible complications associated with the procedure are a source of concern. Among the many possible complications, retrograde type A dissection after stent grafting for type B dissection is considered rare; however, this life-threatening event appears to be underrecognized. Here, we report a case that converted to open surgery due to a retrograde type A dissection after endovascular stent graft placement for a Stanford type B dissection. This is the first report of a retrograde type A dissection after endovascular stent graft placement in Korea.
Aortic Diseases ; Imidazoles ; Korea ; Nitro Compounds ; Prognosis ; Stents ; Transplants

Hypertension is a serious health problem due to high frequency and concomitant other diseases including cardiovascular and renal dysfunction. Olmesartan cilexetil is a new antihypertensive drug associated with angiotensin II receptor antagonist. This study was conducted to evaluate the mutagenicity of olmesartan cilexetil by bacterial reverse mutation test using Salmonella typhimurium (TA100, TA1535, TA98, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA). At the concentrations of 0, 62, 185, 556, 1667, and 5000 microg/plate, olmesartan cilexetil was negative in both Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli regardless of presence or absence of metabolic activation system (S9 mix). These results demonstrate that olmesartan cilexetil does not induce bacterial reverse mutation.
Biotransformation ; Escherichia coli ; Hypertension ; Imidazoles ; Receptors, Angiotensin ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Tetrazoles