Introduction: In 2017, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) revised their guidelines that when trimester and assay specific TSH reference intervals is unavailable, a TSH cut-off of 4.0 mIU/L replacing the previously recommended 2.5-3.0 mIU/L may be used to define maternal hypothyroidism. It states that levothyroxine treatment is considered if anti-TPO levels are elevated and TSH is between 2.5 mIU/L and the trimester-specific upper limit. These recommendations are a major departure from our current practice because the local TSH trimester-specific reference interval is not applicable due to a different assay used and the anti-TPO result is not readily available. In this population-based study, we aimed to determine and compare the maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women who are euthyroid (TSH 0.3-2.4 mIU/L) versus those with subclinical hypothyroidism at different TSH cut-off levels (TSH 2.5-4.0 mIU/L, TSH 4.0-10.0 mIU/L) treated with levothyroxine. Methods: This is a single-center, prospective cohort study conducted at Chong Hua Hospital, Cebu City from September 2017 to September 2018 where a total of 505 pregnant women qualified. The cohort was divided into three groups: the euthyroid group of 404 women with TSH 0.3-2.4 mIU/L as control subjects; 101 women with subclinical hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine further subdivided into TSH level 2.5-4.0 mIU/L (81 women) and TSH level >4.0-10.0 mIU/L (20 women). These patients were followed through to delivery to document and compare the maternal and perinatal outcomes versus euthyroid patients. Results: There was no statistically significant difference among the group of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine versus euthyroid patients in documented complications of pregnancy, such as GDM, gestational HPN, pre-eclampsia, PROM, low APGAR score and fetal distress. However, in patients with baseline TSH 2.5-4.0 mIU/L there was preterm delivery in six (7.41%) patients, post-term delivery in two (2.5%) patients, with seven (8.6%) small for gestational age (SGA) infants and two (2.5%) large for gestational age (LGA) infants. In patients with baseline TSH > 4.0-10.0 mIU/L, preterm delivery occurred in two (10%) patients. In secondary analysis adjusted for age and parity at enrolment, pregnant women treated with levothyroxine at baseline TSH 2.5-4.0 mIU/L and TSH > 4.0-10.0 mIU/L versus the untreated women with TSH < 2.5 mIU/L showed no difference in the maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnancy measured. Conclusion This study has shown a 12.5% prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in our setting. There was no difference in the maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant patients who are euthyroid versus those with subclinical hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine at a TSH threshold of 2.5-4.0 mIU/L and >4.0-10.0 mIU/L. These findings support the view that levothyroxine treatment in pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism at a TSH cut-off of 2.5 mIU/L shows no harmful effects.
Pregnancy ; Treatment Outcome

Introduction: Hormone-producing adrenal tumors, adrenal carcinomas and other adrenal diseases can be potentially cured with adrenalectomy. In the local setting, studies are often limited by a small sample size and inadequate patient data. This study aimed to determine the clinical and histopathologic characteristics and perioperative outcomes of patients who underwent adrenalectomy. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review study from January 2007 to June 2017 in a tertiary hospital in Cebu City, Philippines. Clinical profiles, type of surgery, and operative outcomes were determined. Comparative analysis of clinical profile, histopathologic features, and surgical outcome was done. Descriptive as well as appropriate inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 31 patients who underwent adrenalectomy were included with the mean age of 45.7 [SD=17.1] years old and a 1:3 male to female distribution. The distribution of tumors was as follows: hormone-producing adrenal tumor (74.2%), malignant adrenal tumors (12.9%), and other benign lesions (12.9%). Among patients with hormoneproducing tumors, 39.1% had catecholamine excess, 34.8% had aldosterone excess, and 26.1% had cortisol excess. Hormone-producing adrenal tumors were common at age 20 to 40 years old while malignant tumors were more common among those above 40 years old (p-value=0.023). Stage 3 hypertension (p-value=0.010) and improvement of hypertension postoperatively (p-value=0.046) were more common among hormone-producing tumors. On the other hand, large tumor size (>4cm) (p-value=0.011), blood loss needing blood transfusion (p-value=0.001), prolonged operation (p-value=0.046), and longer hospital stay (p-value=0.002) were common among those with malignant tumors. Open adrenalectomy was associated with significant blood loss needing transfusion (p-value=0.001) and prolonged hospital stay (p-value=0.024). Conclusion Hormone-producing adrenal tumors with secondary hypertension are the most common pathology among patients who underwent adrenalectomy. They are usually seen among patients less than 40 years old, with smaller tumor size, and frequently present with higher blood pressures that improve following adrenalectomy. In contrast, adrenal carcinomas are more common among patients above 40 years old and have larger tumor size. More often they have prolonged operation time, greater blood loss, and longer hospital stay. Patients who underwent open adrenalectomy had more blood loss and had a longer hospital stay than those who underwent laparoscopic surgery.
Adrenalectomy