Objective To investigate the effect and underling mechanism of genistein(GEN)on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.Method 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate in the presence of vehicle(MDI),GEN or SB203580.On D 6 after induction of differentiation,lipid accumulation was assessed using the dye Oil Red O,medium was collected and assayed for the content of NEFA and TG,and fatty acid synthase(FAS) expression was analyzed by Western blotting.After pretreatment with GEN for 30 min,3T3-L1 preadipocytes were stimulated with insulin for 5 or 10 min.The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK(p38) was analyzed by Western blotting.Results GEN inhibited lipid accumulation and decreased NEFA and TG content of 3T3-L1 on D 6 after the induction of differentiation.Pretreatment with GEN inhibited phosphorylation of p38 when stimulated with insulin.Furthermore,GEN inhibited the expression of FAS.SB203580,a p38 inhibitor,mimicked the FAS inhibition effect of genistein,which suggested that the inhibitory effect of GEN on FAS was partially via the p38 pathway.Conclusion Geinstein attenuates the differentiation of 3T3-L1 via the inhibition of p38 and FAS.

Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the electro-clinical characteristics of epilepsy and immunological markers in patients with epilepsy after infl uenza-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis (IAE). Methods: Eighteen patients with epilepsy after IAE (8 males, 10 females; mean age of onset 6.4±6.4 years) were studied. Antibodies to glutamate receptor (GluR) ε2 (NR2B) were examined by immunoblot and ELISA. Cytokines were measured by BioPlex. Results: Mean interval between IAE and epilepsy onset was 63.2 ± 95.0 days (mean ± SD). In 16 of 18 patients, complex partial seizures were observed. Most complex partial seizures were of short durations and showed few lateralizing signs. Interictal discharges were seen in the frontal area in 7 of 14 patients. Ictal EEG showed rapid propagation to bilateral hemispheres. Patients with higher cerebrospinal fl uid levels of anti-GluRε2 antibodies, higher cerebrospinal fl uid levels of IL-1β, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and IFN-γ during chronic stage, had higher frequency of epileptic seizures. Conclusion: This study indicates that the frontal lobes are susceptible to rapid epileptogenesis after IAE, and that epileptic partial seizures after IAE had characteristics resembling generalized seizures. Presence of anti-GluRε2 antibodies and elevated IL-1β, TNFα, and IFN-γ in cerebrospinal fl uid may be associated with intractability of epileptic seizures.