Objective To explore the profile of cognitive response to five facial expressions in 6-to 12-month-old infants. Method One hundred and fifty-five 6-to 12-month-old healthy infants were recruited to view five kinds of normative facial emotional expression pictures which presented on computer screen. The visual attention, self emotional and behavioral responses of each infant toward the facial expressions were recorded by a web camera and then were coded and analyzed from the videotaped observations. Results The visual preference to expressions was different in different groups. 6-to 8-month-old infants looked back ( such as 1.50 ± 0.73,1.39 ±0.81,1.67 ±0.87 ) more to all expressions than 9-to 12-month-old infants( 1.10 ± 0.53,1.04 ± 0.51,1.12 ±0. 61 ). 6-to 8-month-old infants exhibited no obvious difference(P＞ 0.05 ) while 9-to 12-month-old infants exhibited significant difference in self emotional responses (include positive and negative) to different expressions (P ＜0. 05 ). Infants appeared some positive behaviors including looking back at mother,finger-pointing and phonating to expressions during the observation. Conclusions Infants over 6-month-age could discriminate different facial expressions,recognize and comprehend happy expression earlier. 9-to 12-month-old infants began to understand the negative emotional significance of negative facial expressions gradually, but their comprehension to negative emotional expressions was rudimentary.

BACKGROUND: A variety of dietary supplements are commercially available. However, the efficacy and safety of dietary supplement use in children are not well established. Understanding dietary supplement use is important for developing public health policy regarding dietary supplements. This study aimed to investigate the types of dietary supplements used and characteristics of dietary supplement users among Japanese elementary school children. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional web-based questionnaire study. Dietary supplement use, socio-demographics, and health-related behaviors were assessed through mother-reported questionnaire. Types of dietary supplements were identified based on ingredient using product barcodes and brand names. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the socio-demographics and health-related behaviors associated with supplement use. RESULTS: Among 4933 children, 333 (6.8%) were identified as dietary supplement users. The most common supplement was amino acids or protein (1.4%), followed by n-3 fatty acids or fish oil (1.0%), probiotics (1.0%), multivitamins (0.9%), multivitamin-minerals (0.8%), and botanicals (0.8%). Overall, any dietary supplement use was significantly associated with the highest frequency of sports participation (odds ratio [OR], 2.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-4.02), highest household income (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.13-3.10), highest maternal educational level (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.31-2.52), and male sex (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.09-1.75). The highest frequency of sports participation was significantly associated with higher odds of use of amino acids or protein (OR, 6.06; 95% CI, 1.78-20.6) and multivitamins (OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.11-11.5), compared to the lowest frequency of sports participation. CONCLUSION This study showed that Japanese children primarily use non-vitamin, non-mineral supplements. Non-vitamin, non-mineral supplements should thus be included in future studies aimed at monitoring dietary supplement use. We also found that dietary supplement use in children was associated with sports participation. Guidelines for dietary supplement use for children, in particular sport participants, are needed.