The Black mannentake Amauroderma elmerianum Murr. has been newly found and cultivated in §µ L¹t, ViÖt Nam on mixed substrates, supplemented with inorganic nitrogen (ammonium sulfate), traced with 15N (4% excess). The efficiency of utilization of inorganic N fertilizer is determined about 70%, while organic N derived form various components in substrates (branch and bean powder) is only 7%. The amount of N in inorganic fertilizer added is less than 15% of total N amount in the substrates. The application of N fertilizer in combination with organic components, rich in N in substrates for cultivation of Lingzhi fungi as a material medica with improved quality has been discussed, based on using newly suggested 15N tracer techniques
Inorganic Chemicals ; Nitrogen ; Isotope Labeling

The paper reviews the speciation, process in vivo and biological effects of inorganic elements in Chinese medicine (CM) in the aspect of biopharmaceutics. We also summarize some factors influenced the biopharmceutical characteristics of drugs, including physical and chemical properties, formulation development, body's biological states and different actions. It is significant to safety, rationality of using of CM and modernization, internationalization of CM.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Inorganic Chemicals ; analysis ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Hydrofluoric acid is one of the strongest irritating, corrosive and poisonous inorganic chemicals. Hydrofluoric acid burns are occurring with ever-increasing frequency due to the wide use of this acid in industries. Hydrofluoric acid burns are characterized by severe progressive tissue destruction and excruciating pain due to the unique properties of the freely dissolvable fluoride ion. The authors reviewed medical records of 32 cases(36 spells) of hydrofluoric acid burns which occurred in a hydrofluoric acid manufacturing factory from Sep. 1, 1990 to June 30, 1993. The results are as follows; 1. Eleven measurements of air concentrations of hydrofluoric acid by detection tube method from 1990 to 1992 were all below TLV(Department of Labor, R. O. K). 2. There were 19 cases(22 spells) of hydrofluoric acid burns which occurred during the study period among regular employees. The overall incidence density of hydrofluoric acid was 17.8 cases(20.6 spells) per 100 person-year. Incidence density was 19.0 cases(22.0 spells) per 100 person-year among male workers and there were no female cases. Incidence density was 32.9 cases(38.3 spells) per 100 person-year among production workers and 1.9 cases(1.9 spells) per 100 person-years among management workers with the difference being statistically significant(P<0.01). 3. Of 32 cases(36 spells) of hydrofluoric acid burns among workers who were regularly employed or temporarily employed, 26 spells(81.2%) were between age 20 to 39. In 15 spells(41.7%) burns occurred between 12 : 00 and 17 : 59 with 16 spells(44.3%) having arrived at hospital within 2 hours after the accident. 4. Of 36 spells, the main cause of hydrofluoric acid burns were by splashes(8 spells, 22.2 %). The most frequent site of burns were fingers and pain was the most frequent symptom. Thirty spells(83.3%) of the hydrofluoric acid burns were treated with local injection of antidote(calcium gluconate). Complete recovery without scarring were observed in most of the cases(34 out of 36 cases, 94.4%). The study results suggest that to prevent hydrofluoric acid burns, environmental control and the wearing of hydrofluoric acid resistant protective clothes and gloves are important. It is also stressed that establishment of an emergency management and a transfer system for hydrofluoric acid burn victims is necessary.
Burns* ; Burns, Chemical ; Cicatrix ; Emergencies ; Female ; Fingers ; Fluorides ; Humans ; Hydrofluoric Acid* ; Incidence ; Inorganic Chemicals ; Male ; Medical Records

Hydrofluoric acid is one of the strongest irritating, corrosive and poisonous inorganic chemicals. The most significant chronic consequence of excessive fluoride exposure is the disorder of skeletal system and connective tissue. The first stage of osteofluorosis consists of an increase in the density of flatbone such as pelvic bone and vertebral bones, with coarseness and blurring of bone trabecular. Therefore we wanted to observe the change of the bone density among workers exposed to hydrofluoric acid. Questionnaires and radiological investigations were performed for 39 hydrofluoric acid manufacturing factory worker sexposed to hydrofluoric acid. And then authors checked urinary fluoride level by fluoride ion method. the radiographs were doubly read by two radiologists for reliability. The results were as follows; 1. There was a significant difference in urinary fluoride level (p<0.01), but not in age, in tenure(p>0.05) among workers by the job title. 2. By the two radiologists, eight cases were read as bone fluorosis. The prevalence rate of bone fluorosis was 20.5%. 3. There was not a significant difference in general characteristic such as age, tenure and in muculoskeletal signs and symptoms between the fluorosis group and the normal group. 4. However, a close relationship between the occurence of the change of bone density and the degree of fluorde exposure such as burn was found. The difficulties in diagnosing fluorosis result from the questionable sensitively of x-ray techniques and from the non-specific associated signs and symptoms. A quantitative method such as densitometry to assessosteosclerosis and bone structure alteration and a follow-up study are needed.
Bone Density* ; Burns ; Connective Tissue ; Densitometry ; Fluorides ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hydrofluoric Acid* ; Inorganic Chemicals ; Pelvic Bones ; Prevalence ; Questionnaires

WATER HYDROXIDES INORGANIC CHEMICALS OXYGEN COMPOUNDS OXIDES TRANSITION TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICAL PHENOMENA ANGIOFIBROMA NEOPLASMS ; VASCULAR TISSUE NEOPLASMS BY HISTOLOGIC TYPE NEOPLASMS THERAPEUTICS THERAPY

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and safety of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, sodium citrate, and tartaric acid (compound drug) in comparison to potassium citrate in the treatment of kidney stones.

METHODS: Prospective randomized controlled trial of patients with kidney stones recruited from February to October 2011 at Out-patient Department was conducted. Ninety subjects, consented and eligible, were enrolled in this study. Random allocation of subjects into two groups was done using computer generated randomization. Subjects assigned to group I were treated with the compound drug(12 grams/day); while group II subjects were given potassium citrate(60mEq/day) for 6 weeks. Urinary pH levels were examined weekly and the effect of medical treatment on stone size changes was evaluated by ultrasonography every two weeks in the six-week treatment period. Intention to treat analysis was done with 95% confidence level(CI). Statistical analysis of results was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with multiple repeated measures for between group urinary pH changes and chi square for between groups difference in stone size changes.

RESULTS: A total of 74 subjects completed the study with a dropout rate of 18%, which was mainly due to geographic and financial reasons. Demographic and baseline stone characteristics of both groups were not significantly different. Treatment outcome between the two groups based on stone size changes (in general and both radiolucent and radioopaque stones subgroups) did not show any significant statistic difference. The pH level changes over six-week treatment period between the two groups showed a total mean pH difference of 0.445, (95% CI: 0.213, 0.677), which was statistically significant (P<0.001) in favor of Group I. Both treatment regimens were well-tolerated with very few non-serious medication adverse effects.

CONCLUSION:  Urinary alkalinization with sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, sodium citrate, and tartaric acid is a well-tolerated and highly effective treatment resulting in dissolution of non-obstructing kidney stones and is comparable to the gold standard potassium citrate.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; KIDNEY CALCULI ; NEPHROLITHIASIS ; UROLOGIC DISEASES ; KIDNEY DISEASES ; SODIUM BICARBONATE ; CITRIC ACID ; SODIUM CITRATE ; TARTARIC ACID ; POTASSIUM CITRATE ; INORGANIC CHEMICALS ; ORGANIC CHEMICALS ; TREATMENT OUTCOME ; SAFETY

OBJECTIVETo explore the bio-inductive effects of inorganic elements (Dermlin) on the human epithelial proliferation and differentiation and their promoting effects on skin wound healing.

METHODS1 ). Cellular test: Normal human skin epithelial cells were cultured with 20 g/L Dermlin supplemented culture medium (E group) and regular culture medium (C group), respectively. The cell proliferation rate and the expressions of type IV collagen and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the supernatant were determined in 12 and 20 post culture days (PCD). (2). Animal test: Self-consubstantiality control was employed in the study. Sixty Sprague - Dawley rats were inflicted with two symmetric 10% TBSA of superficial or deep partial thickness scald on the back of each rat, and were divided into control[ C, with topical application of silver sulfadiazine (SD - Ag) cream to the wounds] and treatment (T, with 1 g/100 cm2 Dermlin topical application to the wounds) groups. The pathological changes in wound skin were observed and the wound healing rate was calculated on 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 18 post treatment day (PTD). (3). Randomized, double-blinded and consubstantiality control method was employed in the clinical trial. Ninety patients were enrolled in the clinical study, among them 30 cases with 60 donor site wounds, 30 with 60 superficial and 30 with 60 deep partial thickness burn wounds were included. Dermlin in dose of 1 g/100 cm2 was applied to the wounds in T group and SD - Ag cream in C group for up to 18 days. Furthermore, sixty patients with diabetic foot ulcers were included for 1 g/100 cm2 Dermlin treatment. The wound healing rate was observed. And the blood and urine test and the indices of hepatic and renal function were determined.

RESULTS1). Cellular test: The cell proliferation rate and the expression of type IV collagen and EGF in the culture supernatant were obviously higher than those in control group at the same time points (P < 0.01). 2). Animal test: Hyperplastic granulation tissue occurred in the rat wound in the T group since 5 PTD, while that occurred in the C group since 7 PTD. The healing rate of superficial thickness wound in T group on 7, 10, 14 PTD, and that of deep partial thickness wound in T group on 5, 10, 18 PTD were obviously higher than that in the C group (P <0.05). 3). Clinical study indicated that the wound healing rate of the patients with superficial or deep partial thickness scald in the T group was evidently higher than that in the C group on 5 and 10 PTD (P <0.05), but the wound healing time of the superficial, deep partial thickness wound and donor site wound in the T group was significantly shorter than that in the C group (P < 0.05). Before treatment, the square of the ulcers on the foot of the patients with diabetic was (39 +/- 28) cm2, and it was reduced to (19 +/- 23) cm2 2 weeks later, with the therapeutic efficacy reaching 62.5% . For all patients, no obvious change was found in the blood test and hepatic and renal function indices.

CONCLUSIONThe inorganic element (Dermlin) is beneficial to wound healing and to the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Burns ; drug therapy ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Diabetic Foot ; drug therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; Double-Blind Method ; Epithelium ; Humans ; Inorganic Chemicals ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Phosphorus Compounds ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skin ; drug effects ; physiopathology ; Wound Healing ; drug effects