This study comprised 9 eyes with severe myopia of 7 patients (4 male, 3 female) between 36 and 50 years, having phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation with suitable capacity. Follow up duration was 12 months. Results: the preoperative uncorrected visual acuity was < 1/10 in all patients. Postoperatively, 55.5% cases with uncorrected visual acuity and 66.7% cases achieved the best corrected visual acuity of 5/10 or better. The mean preoperative hyperopic spherical equivalent was +6,89 ± 1,67D reduced to +0,75±0,62D. Postoperative complications were low: 1 eye had posterior capsule opaque (11,1%), 1 eye had inflammatory membrane. No intraoperative complications
Hyperopia ; Therapeutics

Objective: We determined the frequency of refractive errors among Filipino patients undergoing refractive or cataract screening at an ambulatory eye-care center, correlated them with demographic and ophthalmic variables, and compared refractive and keratometric astigmatism. Methods Clinical records of 666 consecutive patients who had optical interferometry were reviewed and the demographic and clinical parameters obtained were subjected to statistical analyses.
Refractive Errors ; Astigmatism ; Myopia ; Hyperopia

We reviewed records of 50 bilateral hyperopic amblyoic patients who visited ophthalmologic clinic at Yeungnam University Hospital between December 1984 and October 1993, and investigated the effect of age at initial correction, magnitude of hyperopia and duration of correction on corrected visual acuity with the lapse of time. Criteria for selection included the followings; hyperopia of 3.50 diopters or more, astigmatism of 2.50 diopters or less, and anisoametropia of 1.25 diopters or less. Full cycloplegic corrections were prescribed at the initial visit to all subjects. The distribution of initial corrected visual acuity was 0.1 to 0.5. Age at initial correction varied from 2 years to 8 years(mean 3.98 years). The magnitude of hyperopia appeared to have the greatest influence on the visual outcome at initial correction. Duration of correction also influenced on the visual outcome, showing continuous visual improvement during 4 years after initial correction. The age at initial correction did not appear to influence on the initial and final corrected visual acuity. A comparision between initial and final corrected visual acuity showed a sigificant difference, irrespective of age at the intial correction or magnitude of hyperopia.
Amblyopia* ; Astigmatism ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Visual Acuity

The object of this study was to observe the refractive errors obtained by near retinoscopy, retinoscopy under cycloplegia and subjective refraction on 244 Korean eyes with refractive error below the age of 90. The results were as follows; A. Comparision between the refractive errors obtained by retinoscopy under cycloplegia and subjective retraction. 1. The difference of spherical powers was 0.59D. 2. The difference Of spherical powers was 0.49D in myopia and 0.76D in hyperopia. 3. The difference of spherical powers was 0.59D in Group I (under age 10), 0.64D in Group II (age 11~20) and 0.45D in Group III (age 21~30). 4. There was not statistically significant difference of spherical powers among the age groups but between myopia and hyperopia. 5. The difference of cylindrical powers was 0.07D. 6. The difference of cylindrical powers was 0.03D. in Group I, 0.12D in Group II and 0.07D in Group III. 7. There was no statistically significant difference of cylindrical powers among the age groups. B. Comparison between the refractive errors obtained by near retinoscopy and subjective refraction 1. The difference of spherical powers was 0.97D. 2. The difference of spherical powers was 0.92D in myopia and 1.05D in hyperopia. 3. The difference of spherical power was 1.03D in Group I, 0.94D in Group II and 0.92D in Group III. 4. There was neither statistically significant difference of spherical powers among tbe age groups nor between myopia and hyperopia. 5. The difference of cylindrical powers was 0.1D. 6. The difference of cylindrical powers was 0.18D in Group I, 0.11D in Group II and 0.04D in Group III. 7. There was no statistically significant defference of cylindrical powers among the groups. C. In this study, regression formula was Y=0.877+0,724X (X : adjusted spherical power obtained by near retinoscopy Y: spherical power obtained by retinoscopy under cycloplegia).
Humans ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors ; Retinoscopy*

Orthokeratology is the way to correct the myopia or astigmatism by flattening or the central cornea with specialty lenses. The range of correction is from − 2.50 to − 4.00 diopters after 10 days of fitting. The designs is constructed with flat base curve radius, steep reverse curve, flat alignment curve, and peripheral curve. This multi-cuve design enabled the orthokeratology lenses to stay on the cornea stably and effectively. Recently, the application of orthokeratology is extending to hyperopia and presbyopia. In the future, the amount of correction and the application of orthokeratology will increase more and more.
Astigmatism ; Cornea ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Presbyopia ; Prescriptions* ; Radius

Cycloplegic refraction with 1% cyclopentolate and I % atropine was performed in esotropic children younger than 6 years. The purpose of this study was to find clinical factors related with differencs in refractive changes between cyclopentolate and atropine Additionally, the periodic refractive changes at the first, second and third day during performing traditional atropinization were evaluated. The results were as follows: The refractive state after using 1 % cyclopentolate was + 5.00 diopters in average and that after using 1% atropine was +5.77 diopters in average (phyperopia more than +4.00 diopters and young age less than 4 years but AC/A ratio was not related. The periodic refractive changes at the first, second, and third day during atropinization were statistically significant.
Atropine* ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Esotropia ; Humans ; Hyperopia

PURPOSE: This study examined differences in clinical patterns according to the hyperopia level in refractive-accommodative esotropia patients. METHODS: Ninety-four refractive-accommodative esotropia patients were divided into 3 groups according to hyperopia level: group 1, > or = +1.00D and < +3.00D group 2, > or = +3.00D and < +5.00D and group 3, > or = +5.00D. The following factors were analyzed retrospectively: the initial corrective visual acuity, the final corrective visual acuity, the angle of esotropia with or without hyperopic correction, the recovery time to orthophoria after hyperopic correction, the change in hyperopia level, and the frequency of amblyopia. RESULTS: The angles of esotropia without hyperopic correction in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 18.4+/-7.3PD, 22.9+/-8.5PD, and 25.7+/-10.4PD, respectively. The angle of esotropia was found to be significantly greater in the group with the higher level of hyperopia (P=0.01). The monthly change in hyperopia in groups 1, 2 and 3 was 0.018+/-0.02D, 0.028+/-0.03D and 0.043+/-0.03D. The change was greater in the group with the higher level of hyperopia (P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: In refractive-accommodative esotropia patients, the more the hyperopia without correction increases, the more the angle of esotropia without correction increases, and the larger the reduction of hyperopia after correction becomes.
Amblyopia ; Esotropia ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Visual Acuity

Distributions of angle kappa and of cycloplegic refraction and their association were studied. The subjects were 282 nonstrabismic Korean children, aged from 6 years to 11 years. who visited Ewha Women University Hospital from December 1990 to March 1991. The angle kappa was measured by major amblyoscope, and refraction was done under the cycloplegic state. The results were as follows: The frequency of angle kappa was positive. negative and 0 degree in decreasing order. The average values of refractive error and angle kappa were -1.03 +/- 2.20 degrees dipter and +1 34 +/- 1.33 degrees. The average values of angle kappa for hypermetropia, emmettopia and myopia were +2.52 +/- 0.81 degrees, +1.71 +/- 1.03 degrees and +0.90 +/- 1.37 degrees. And these values were significantly different from each other.
Child ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors*

From October, 1984 to December, 1988, 1177 cases of posterior chamber lens were implanted. Clinical study was done on 1030 cases which could be followed up for more than 2 months. The results were as follows: 1. The best corrected visual acuity of 0.5 or better was in 981 cases(95.2%) and 1.0 or better was in 676 cases(65.6%). 2. the best corrected visual acuity was achieved with the correction of average -1.07 +/- 1.28D by spherical equivalent. 3. The postoperative astigmatism was average 1.57 +/- 1.70D. 4. The difference between the calculated prediction of postoperative refraction and the actual postoperative refraction was less than 1.00D in 64.1% and calculated prediction tended to be biased toward hypermetropia with mean error of 0.37 +/- 1.21D.
Astigmatism ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Hyperopia ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: The difference in the values between autorefraction and clinical refraction with or without cycloplegia in children were analyzed as a function of age. METHODS: One hundred and twenty five children (230 eyes) with myopia or hyperopia were classified into three age groups. Their ages ranged from 2 to 14. They were examined with a Cannon RK-5 autorefractor, and experienced personnel the clinical refraction before and after cycloplegia. Discrepancies beyond 0.5 diopter in spherical equivalent, spherical and cylinder power were regarded as being significant and the discrepancy rates (%) were calculated. The mean absolute differences in the values of each refractive component in myopia and hyperopia were also compared separately according to. RESULTS: All the differences by cycloplegia were significantly smaller in the myopia patients over 5 years old. However, only the discrepancy rates of the spherical equivalent and the sphere component between the clinical manifest refraction and the cycloplegic refraction were significantly smaller in the higher age groups. The comparisons between the clinical and autorefraction revealed significant difference between the age groups only in those with myopia with cycloplegia. CONCLUSIONS: There were differences between the cycloplegic refraction and non-cycloplegic refraction values particularly in myopia patients under five years old and in all hyperopic patients. Autorefraction showed differences from the clinical refraction in both myopia and hyperopia regardless of their ages particularly in those without cycloplegia. Therefore, autorefraction and clinical refraction should be used with caution in children.
Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Myopia