No abstract available.
Calcium ; Calcium Hydroxide ; Dentin ; Hydroxides

PURPOSE: To evaluate an effect of controlled antibiotic release of the layered double hydroxides (LDH) as a new drug delivery system, and to observe a histological changes of the LDH in vivo and the differences of antibacterial effects among the several antibiotic-LDH hybrids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 23235) and Escherchia coli (ATCC 10536) were used as a bacterial specimens. Antibiotic-LDH hybrids were gentamicin-LDH (GM-LDH), cefaclor-LDH (CCLO-LDH), cefuroxime axetil-LDH (CRXMA-LDH) and ceftazidime-LDH (CAZ-LDH). In vitro study, two methods were used. One was dilution method, used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the antibiotic-LDH hybrids. The other one was disk diffusion method, to observe the zones of bacterial inhibition of them. In vivo forty New Zealand White rabbits (2.5~3.0 kg) were divided into 10 groups. Animals were anesthetized and a 3 mm-diameter hole was drilled 2 cm proximal to the distal end of the left femur. The antibiotic-LDH hybrids was put into the drilled hole and then 0.1 ml (105 CFU/ml) of S. aureus and E. coli were inoculated into the drilled hole in each group. Histological examination was done at postoperative 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks respectively. RESULTS: The MICs for S. aureus were more than 400 microgram/ml in GM-LDH, 25 microgram/ml in CRXMA-LDH, 25 microgram/ml in CCLO-LDH, and 100 microgram/ml in CAZ-LDH. The MICs for E. coli were 12.5 microgram/ml in GM-LDH, 25 microgram/ml in CRXMA-LDH, 25 microgram/ml in CCLO-LDH, and 1.56 microgram/ml in CAZ-LDH. CCLO-LDH was effective on both S. aureus and E. coli and CRXMA-LDH on E. coli in disk diffusion method. In contrast, GM-LDH and CAZ-LDH were not effective on neither S. aureus nor E. coli. Histologically, LDH was shown as large masses at the postoperative 1~2 weeks and changed to several small masses or fragments at the postoperative 3~4 weeks. CONCLUSION: There was much difference of the extent of controlled antibiotic release among antibiotic-LDH hybrids. The size and volume of LDH in vivo was reduced gradually. CCLO-LDH, and CRXMA-LDH seemed to have an effect of the bacterial growth inhibition.
Animals ; Cefuroxime ; Diffusion ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Femur ; Hydroxides ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Rabbits ; Staphylococcus aureus

The purposes of this study were to compare the efficacy of irrigation systems by removing a calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) paste from the apical third of the root canal and the effect of the patency file. Sixty single rooted human teeth were used in this study. The canals were instrumented by a crown-down manner with .04 taper ProFile to ISO #35. Ca(OH)2 and distilled water were mixed and placed inside the root canals. The teeth were divided into 6 groups according to the root canal irrigation system and the use of patency file as follows: group 1 - conventional method; group 2 - EndoActivator(R); group 3 - EndoVac(R); group 4 - conventional method, patency; group 4 - EndoActivator(R), patency; group 6 - EndoVac(R), patency. All teeth were irrigated with sodium hypochlorite. After the root canal irrigation, the teeth were split in bucco-lingual aspect. Percentage of the root canal surface coverage with residual Ca(OH)2 until 3 mm from working length was analyzed using Image Pro Plus ver. 4.0. Statistical analysis was performed using the One-way ANOVA, t-test and Scheffe's post-hoc test. Conventional groups had significantly more Ca(OH)2 debris than EndoActivator(R), EndoVac(R) groups. There was no significant difference between EndoActivator(R) and EndoVac(R) groups. Groups with patency file showed more effective in removing Ca(OH)2 paste than no patency groups, but, it was no significant difference. This study showed that EndoActivator(R) and EndoVac(R) systems were more effective in removing Ca(OH)2 paste from the apical third of the root canal than conventional method.
Calcium ; Calcium Hydroxide ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Humans ; Hydroxides ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Tooth ; Water

BACKGROUND: Although there have been many studies about onychomycosis, the study about onychomycosis with dermatophytoma has not been reported yet in Korea. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characterictics and treatment strategies of the onychomycosis with dermatophytoma compare with the other onychomycosis. METHODS: In the 5-year period 2007-2011, we reviewed forty five patients with toenail onychomycosis with dermatophytoma, proven by direct potassium hydroxide examination. The etiological agents were identified by cultures on Sabouraud's dextrose agar with and without cycloheximide. To confirm dermatophytoma, we performed histopathologic evaluation of the nail plate by nail clipping. RESULTS: Toenail onychomycosis with dermatophytoma were 2.9% of all onychomycosis. Among the age groups, the incidence rate was highest in the sixties (24.4%). The ratio of male to female patients was 1:1.1. The frequency of associated disease was highest in diabetes mellitus (17.7%). The right great toenail was most common affected nails. Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis (88.9%) was the most common clinical type. The round lesion was most common clinical features of affected area (66.7%), followed by linear lesion (33.3%). Trichophyton rubrum was most common etiological agent (57.8%). The partial removal of the tonail combined with oral and topical antifungal agent was most common in treatment of onychomycosis with dermatophytoma. CONCLUSION: Because of the increase in onychomycosis with dermatophytoma, and its relative resistance to the conventional treatment of onychomycosis, we suggest the need of a careful mycological examination to diagnose the dermatohpytoma in patients with onychomycosis, and we also propose more aggressive treatment strategy is required to treat dermatophytoma.
Agar ; Cycloheximide ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hydroxides ; Incidence ; Male ; Nails ; Onychomycosis ; Potassium ; Potassium Compounds ; Trichophyton

BACKGROUND: Although molluscum contagiosum (MC) resolves spontaneously, there are several reasons to treat this dermatological disorder. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 5% imiquimod cream versus 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution in treating MC, and to propose the mechanism of cure by observing the histological findings. METHODS: Imiquimod or KOH were applied by the patient or a parent 3 days per week until all lesions cleared. The number of MC lesions was counted and side effects were evaluated at 5 points during the treatment (the initial visit, week 2, week 4, week 8, and week 12). Histological changes were compared between 2 patients of each group, before and after the 2 weeks of application. RESULTS: In both group, the mean lesion counts decreased all through to week 12, and the reduction in number of lesions were statistically significant in both groups (p <0.005). Over 40% of each group developed local side effects, and no systemic side effects were noted in either group. Before treatment, histological findings showed little or no dermal infiltrates. After treatment, specimens showed dense lymphocytic infiltrates, especially T cells, around the lesions which had resolved. CONCLUSION: Both 10% KOH solution and 5% imiquimod cream are effective and safe treatment of MC.
Aminoquinolines ; Humans ; Hydroxides ; Molluscum Contagiosum ; Parents ; Potassium ; Potassium Compounds ; T-Lymphocytes

Crown reattachment is the most conservative treatment which can be used to restore fractured tooth, presumably with sufficient strength, while maintaining original contour, incisal translucency, and reducing chair time and cost. However, in case of crown fracture with pin-point pulp exposure, we should cautiously minimize the irritation to the pulp and consider pre-treatment pulpal status, choice of pulp capping materials, choice of bonding system and treatment sequence during crown reattachment procedures. This case reports the considerations while crown reattachment with direct pulp capping using calcium hydroxide (Dycal, Dentsply Caulk).
Calcium Hydroxide ; Crowns ; Dental Pulp Capping ; Hydroxides ; Minerals ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Tooth

PURPOSE: To report a case of alkali burn treated successfully with early surgical intervention including amniotic membrane graft and forniceal reconstructionand the restored visual acuity. CASE SUMMARY: A 23-year-old woman was referred for alkali burn of her right eye after being splashed with a drop of 40% sodium hydroxide. Slit-lamp microscopic examination showed the patient's cornea was edematous, and hazy and limbal ischemia involved half of the cornea, which can supposedly lead to eyelid deformity and symblepharon. Debridement of all necrotic tissues, immediate amniotic membrane permanent graft and transient forniceal covering with amniotic membrane were conducted a day after the burn. Corneal and conjunctival epithelial defects were completely healed in five weeks, and visual acuity was restored to 20/20 in eight weeks. Additional surgeries for allogenic limbal transplantation and autologous oral mucosal graft were performed to resolve symblepharon.
Alkalies ; Amnion ; Burns ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Cornea ; Debridement ; Eye ; Eyelids ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxides ; Ischemia ; Sodium Hydroxide ; Transplants ; Visual Acuity ; Young Adult

INTRODUCTION: Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HA) is the main inorganic phase of human hard tissue that is used widely as the repair material for bones. When HA is applied to a bony defect, however, it can be encapsulated with fibrous tissue and float in the implanted area due to a lack of consolidation. Bioceramics as allogenic graft materials are added to HA to improve the rate and bone healing capacity. Fluoridated hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH,F)2, FHA), where F- partially replaces the OH- in hydroxyapatite, is considered a good alternative material for bone repair owing to its solubility and biocompatibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was designed to determine the bone healing capacity of FHA newly produced as a nanoscale fiber in the laboratory. HA and FHA with bioglass was implanted in a rabbit cranium defect and the specimen was analysed histologically. RESULTS: 1. At 4 weeks, fibrous connective tissue and little bone formation was observed around the materials of the experimental group I implanted HA and bioglass. Newly formed bone was observed around the materials in the experimental group II implanted FHA and bioglass. 2. At 8 weeks, the amount of newly formed and matured bone was higher in experimental group II than in experimental group I and the control group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that FHA and bioglass is a relatively favorable bone substitute with biocompatibility and better bone healing capacity than pure HA and bioglass.
Acrylic Resins ; Bone Regeneration ; Bone Substitutes ; Ceramics ; Connective Tissue ; Durapatite ; Humans ; Hydroxides ; Hydroxyapatites ; Osteogenesis ; Skull ; Solubility ; Transplants

BACKGROUND: Methylmercury is an organic form of mercury that is highly toxic to humans. Here, we present and establish a novel method to detect methylmercury concentrations in the blood of Koreans. METHODS: Methylmercury concentration was analyzed with an automated methylmercury analytic system (MERX, Brooks Rand Co., USA) using cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry (CVAFS). A variety of biological materials were digested in methanolic potassium hydroxide solution. The analysis method was validated by examination of certified reference material (955c, National Institute of Standard and Technology, USA). We randomly selected 30 Korean adults (age 20 yr or older) to analyze total blood mercury and methylmercury concentrations. RESULTS: The detection limit and methylmercury recovery rate using this method were 0.1 pg/L and, 99.19% (range: 89.33-104.89%), respectively. The mean blood concentration of methylmercury was 4.54+/-2.15 microg/L (N=30). The mean proportion of methylmercury to the total mercury concentration was 78.27% (range: 41.37-98.80%). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first report to analyze blood methylmercury concentration using CVAFS in Korea. We expect that this method will contribute to the evaluation of mercury exposure and the assessment of the toxicological impact of mercury in future studies.
Adult ; Humans ; Hydroxides/chemistry ; Mercury/blood ; Methylmercury Compounds/*blood ; Potassium Compounds/chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results ; Republic of Korea ; *Spectrophotometry, Atomic

Atrophying pityriasis versicolor is a rare variant of pityriasis versicolor. Clinically, atrophying pityriasis versicolor is characterized by well defined, slightly scaly, depressed macules and patches with minimal symptoms. The etiology of the atrophy is unknown, though several hypotheses have been suggested, including immune reaction to antigens of Malassezia species. A 23-year-old male was presented with multiple, slightly brown colored macules and patches on the chest and back. In the potassium hydroxide preparation, lots of yeasts and hyphae were found. A histopathologic study showed multiple yeasts and hyphae on the stratum corneum, focal epidermal thinning, and perivascular lymphocytic infiltration on the upper dermis. The patient was treated with 100 mg itraconazole a day with topical antifungal agents. After 3 weeks of treatment, clinical improvement and mycological improvement were achieved. We present an additional case of atrophying piryriasis versicolor developed on the chest and back with the review of the relevant literature.
Antifungal Agents ; Atrophy ; Dermis ; Humans ; Hydroxides ; Hyphae ; Itraconazole ; Malassezia ; Male ; Pityriasis ; Potassium ; Potassium Compounds ; Thorax ; Tinea Versicolor ; Yeasts ; Young Adult