The study was conducted to compare the molecular differences of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) strains causing meningitis in young children with H. influenzae strains causing acute upper respiratory tract infection, 44 Hib strains and 37 H. influenzae strains were analysed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with SmaI restriction enzyme. The results: 44 Hib strains were mainly distributed into 4 DNA restriction patterns (PFGE patterns) whereas 37 H. influenzae strains were distributed into 22 patterns and 81% of them were not encapsulated. The genome of Hib strains causing bacterial meningitis showed less variation than that of H. influenzae causing acute upper respiratory infection. PFGE is a useful tool for epidemiological research.
Haemophilus influenza ; Child

In order to enhance the capability of antiserum production rabbits, Mycobacterium vaccae was used to stimulate rabbit’s immune system unspecifically before immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). The results showed that only single immunization with Hib antigen: the number of rabbits had response fulfill depended-time requirements (harvested after 1 or 6 months) varied from 30% to 70%, harvesting time for antiserum with fulfilled quantity and quality was 24 weeks (6 months) (2 courses induced immunization). Stimulating rabbit’s immune system by M. vaccae, then inducing rabbit’s immunization with Hib antigen: the number of rabbits had response fulfiling requirements varied from 71.4% to 100%; harvesting time for antiserum with fulfilled quantity and quality was 5 weeks (only after 1 course induced immunization). Sensitivity and specificity of antiserum were unchanged
Mycobacterium ; Helicobacter pylori ; Immune Sera ; Adjuvants, Immunologic

34 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) of meningitis patients at National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, between 11/2002 and 12/2003 were biotyped, serotyped and analyzed by using PCR with specific primers, Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with Smal restriction enzyme. The results showed that 24 of 34 Hib strains (70.6%) belong to biotype II; 8 of 34 (23.5%) belong to biotype I. PCR patterns with capsular polysaccharide type b specified primers of the 34 Hib strains were identical. DNA restriction patterns generated by PFGE (so-called PFGE patterns) of the 34 Hib strains were mainly distributed into 2 PFGE patterns. DNA restriction patterns had close relationship to biotype. The presence of PFGE patterns of Hib strains was not related to season
Haemophilus influenzae type b ; pathogenicity ; Haemophilus influenzae

Clinical characteristics and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in 100 cases of confirmed B type of H.influenzae (Hib) meningititis were analysed in comparing with 105 cases of meningitis caused by other bacterial pathogens. The basic criteria for early diagnosis of Hib meningitis in under five year old children were found out. Results showed that 48.8% of cases of meningititis were due to Hib; 96% of CSF samples due to Hib had physiological change in comparing with 72.4% in meningitis due to other bacterial pathogens, in 92% there were clinical manifestations and biochemical/cytological typical changes in CSF, in 100% of cases of Hib meningitis(+), there were typical changes; 51% of cases there were positive blood culture and 47% there were Hib positive CSF and blood culture concurrently
Meningitis ; Child ; Haemophilus influenzae

Seventy-nice pediatric patient - family pairs were detected for Hib or Hib-antigen. The study also examined 22 pairs of H. influenzae strains isolated from CSF of patients and from upper respiratory tract of the family members of the patients to determine serotype, biotype, presence of Beta-lactamase, PCR with Hib-specified primers, and PFGE with SmaI restriction enzyme. The results showed that 44.4% of the patients` families had Hib carriers; all of 22 H. influenzae isolated pairs from patients and their families had serotype b; 17 of 22 pairs had characteristics of biotype II; 16 of 22 pairs had Beta-lactamase; and 9 of 22 pairs had both the PCR pattern and PFGE pattern. Close contact with Hib carriers was a factor of Hib meningitis contagiousness in children under 5 years of age
Family ; Haemophilus influenzae type b ; Meningitis ; child

Some techniques of detection of Hib were compared, including classic techniques such as bacterial culture and modern techniques such as PCR method. The results were as follows: 21% (+) culture with Hib compared to the total of clinically diagnosed cases, Hib-latex agglutination with 95% sensitivity and 99.6% specificity, counter immunophoresis assay to detect Hib by 97% sensitivity and 100% specificity. PCR increased the number of positive cases of Hib meningitis by 42.8% compared to culture alone. Blood culture gave a highly significant value to diagnose (51% Hib-possitive culture)
Haemophilus influenza type b ; Meningitis ; methods ; diagnosis

Background: Acute gastroenterophathy usually caused by the Rota virus for children under 5 years old. Objectives: To present various types of data on epidemiology of ROTA virus diarrhea in Ho Chi Minh city from 12/2006-11/2007. Material and method: The data were collected from 500 stool specimens of diarrhea diagnosed chilren hosptalised at Thuy Dien Pediatric hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh city from December/2006 to November /2007. Results:There were 322 rotavirus-positive specimens, representing 64.4%. The proportions of monthly distribution of cases with diarrhea due to rotavirus were 90.1%, 54.39%, 85.37%, 74.51%, 72.92%, 41.67%, 26.67%, 58.33%, 79.31%, 52.63%, 69.05% and 57.78%, respectively. The numbers of rotavirus-positive cases in male and female were 216 (65.26%) and 106 (62.72%), respectively. The proportions of Rota virus positive children compared to total number of diarrheal cases with age 0-3, 3-6, 6-12, 12-24, 24-36 and over 36 months were 2.80%, 7.76%, 40.06%, 40.68%, 5.28% and 3.42%, respectively.\r\n', u'The results of typing identification indicated that the phenotypes of 98 among 100 specimens were identified (98%) in which there were sixty-one specimens of G1P8 (61%), one specimen of G2P8 (1%), fourteen specimens of G3P8 (14%), four of specimens of G4P8 (4%), eighteen specimens of GmixedP8 (18%). There were only two specimens of GnontypeableP8 (2%). Conclusion: Further studies should be carried out to clear this issue.\r\n', u'
Rotavirus ; gel type.

Several reports on taeniasis and cysticercosis in Vietnam show that they are distributed in over 50 of 63 provinces. In some endemic areas, the prevalence of taeniasis was 0.2-12.0% and that of cysticercosis was 1.0-7.2%. The major symptoms of taeniasis included fidgeted anus, proglottids moving out of the anus, and proglottids in the feces. Clinical manifestations of cysticercosis in humans included subcutaneous nodules, epileptic seizures, severe headach, impaired vision, and memory loss. The species identification of Taenia in Vietnam included Taenia asiatica, Taenia saginata, and Taenia solium based on combined morphology and molecular methods. Only T. solium caused cysticercosis in humans. Praziquantel was chosen for treatment of taeniasis and albendazole for treatment of cysticercosis. The infection rate of cysticercus cellulosae in pigs was 0.04% at Hanoi slaughterhouses, 0.03-0.31% at provincial slaughterhouses in the north, and 0.9% in provincial slaughterhouses in the southern region of Vietnam. The infection rate of cysticercus bovis in cattle was 0.03-2.17% at Hanoi slaughterhouses. Risk factors investigated with regard to transmission of Taenia suggested that consumption of raw meat (eating raw meat 4.5-74.3%), inadequate or absent meat inspection and control, poor sanitation in some endemic areas, and use of untreated human waste as a fertilizer for crops may play important roles in Vietnam, although this remains to be validated.
Albendazole/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Anthelmintics/therapeutic use ; Antiprotozoal Agents/therapeutic use ; Cattle/parasitology ; Cattle Diseases/parasitology ; Cysticercosis/*drug therapy/*epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; Feces/parasitology ; Humans ; Meat/parasitology ; Praziquantel/*therapeutic use ; Raw Foods/adverse effects ; Risk Factors ; Swine/parasitology ; Swine Diseases/parasitology ; Vietnam/epidemiology

Background: Acute lower respiratory tract infection, mainly pneumonia, were the main reasons cause death for children under 5 years old. Objectives: Determine the isolated rate of bacteria inpatients under 5 years old with acute lower respiratory tract infection in Ha Noi and antibiotic resistance of pneumococcal isolated form patients. Subjects and method: Patients under 5 years old with acute lower respiratory tract infection in National hospital of pediatrics and Bach Mai hospital from 01/2002. Using quantitative culturedand PCR method. Results: Out of total 164 patients with lower respiratory tract infection, there were 91 diagnosed pneumonia by chest X-ray, 73 cases of acute bronchitis. 73,6% of the pneumococcal isolated were penicillin resistance (gPRSP) with different genes such as pbp 1a+2x+ab. Most of the S.pneumoniae strains were serotype 19F or 23F. There were no statistic differences by comparison charactersistics of weight, vessel, subclinical symptoms such as: dissolved oxygen level (S\xac\xacp\xac\xac\xac\xacO\xac2\xac), the amount of leucocyte in blood. However, temperature of pneumonia patients was higher than bronchitis patients, breathing of pneumonia patients was also faster than bronchitis patients. Isolated bacteria with amount \ufffd?106 cfu/ml was H.influenzae, S.pneumoniae and Moraxell catarrhalis in pneumonia group, bronchitis group was 28,8% and control group was 17,1%. Conclusion: Penicillin, erythoromycin and co-trimoxazole resistance rate of S.pneumoniaein patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection was high. Quantitative cultured method has prognostic value in diagnosis pneumonia.
Genes ; MDR/ drug effects ; immunology ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/ growth & ; development ; Anti-Bacterial Agents

Background: In countries that cholera outbreaks commonly occurs, surveillance of surface water is important to control the epidemics. Kappa phage (K139) of Vibrio cholerae is related to epidemic El Tor and O139 strains in various countries. Objectives: To study the relationships between V. cholerae 01 and vibriophages in surface water in Thai Binh and Hai Phong city and to determine the predictors of cholera outbreaks. Subjects and method: Total of 82 water samples were collected by shrimp swab method in Hai Phong and Thai Binh in June and September 2007, where cholera outbreaks occurred. The enriched culture method and direct peR were applied to define the relationships between vibriophages and V. cholerae 01 in surface water. Results: The rates of detecting kappa junction with chromosomes of V. cholerae 01 in Hai Phong and Thai Binh were 10% and 15% in June 2007, 35% and 41% in September 2007. The rates of detecting vibriophages in Hai Phong and Thai Binh were 15% and 15% in June 2007, 25% and 36% in September 2007. The rates of Fs1 and Fs2 detected by PCR method were 70% and 100% in Hai Phong at June and September 2007, and were 57% and 100% in Thai Binh at June and September 2007, respectively. V. cholerae 01, O139 weren\u2019t found in water samples. Conclusion: The presences of vibriophages (kappa phage and fs1 fs2) in surface water contaminated with V. cholerae 01 were dependent on the ability of the vibriophages to infect and lyse these bacteria. Vibriophages played a role in the transfer of cholera toxin and pathogenic factors. Surveillance by detecting V. cholerae 01 and vibriophages in surface water may be a feasible means of predicting outbreaks of cholera before a significant number of cases occur.
Vibrio cholerae 01 ; vibriophages ; surface water ; cholera outbreaks