Objective To investigate the morbidity rate of hyperuricemia and its association with hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension in elderly people in Fujian Quanzhou.Methods A crosssectional population survey for hyperuricemia was performed in Fujian Quanzhou.Questionnaire and physical examination were conducted in 1358 subjects.The levels of serum UA and lipid-profile as well as blood pressure were measured.Results In the same aged group,the level of blood uric acid was significantly higher in male (371.7±83.6) μmol/L than in female (294.8±66.5) μmol/L (t=15.8,P＜0.01).Blood uric acid concentration was gradually increased with aging in the group at age 40-70 years,but was gradually decreased with aging in female group aged over 70 years (F=12.1,P＜0.01).The total morbidity rate of hyperuricemia was 18.6％.The incidence of hypertriglyceridemia or hypertension in female with hyperuricemia was higher than those with normouricemia (22.1％ vs.10.5％,59.1％ vs.26.2％,x2=16.3,65.0,all P＜0.01).The incidence of hypertension in male with hyperuricemia was higher than those with normouricemia (54.6％ vs.42.8％,x2=4.0,P＜0.05).Conclusions The morbidity rate of hyperuricemia in elderly people is higher in south China coast than other region of China.The incidence of hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension in people with hyperuricemia is significantly higher than those with normouricemia.

OBJECTIVETo assess the accuracy of immunological fecal occult blood test (iFOBT) for detection of colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODSA total of 1 197 studies published before June 2014 were selected from PubMed and Embase and 17 of which were finally included in this meta-analysis. A bivariate mixed-effects models was used for overall value merging and heterogeneity testing. In addition to the overall sensitivity and specificity, the analyses were also performed among certain subgroups, including a "colonoscopy group" (all were referred for colonoscopy diagnosis regardless screening results) and a "follow-up group" (only the screening positive were referred and all were then followed up), a qualitative group and a quantitative group (classified by the way of iFOBT result reading).

RESULTSA total of 161 502 subjects aged from 48 to 63 years were included in the analysis. IFOBT had an overall integrated sensitivity of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.79-0.89) (heterogeneity test: Q = 59.67, P < 0.001) and an overall integrated specificity of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.92-0.94) (heterogeneity test: Q = 1 722.53, P < 0.001) for detection of CRC. In the subgroup analysis, it was found that in the "colonoscopy group" and in the "follow-up group", the sensitivity were 0.81 (95%CI: 0.73-0.87) and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81-0.92), respectively; the specificity were 0.92 (95% CI: 0.89-0.93) and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.94-0.96), respectively. It was also found that in the qualitative group and the quantitative group, the sensitivity were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.76-0.90) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.78-0.92), respectively; the specificity were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.91-0.96) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.91-0.94), respectively.

CONCLUSIONIFOBT had high overall sensitivity and specificity for detecting colorectal cancer.

Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Occult Blood ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Objective To determine the acceptance and willingness to pay for breast cancer screening among populations at high risk of breast cancer in urban China. Methods From 2012 to 2014, a cancer screening program in urban China (CanSPUC) was carried out in 13 provinces. The current survey was conducted among participants who were evaluated as having"high?risk for breast cancer"using a Harvard model (community?based) and then underwent breast mammography or ultrasonography screening procedure (hospital-based). The study mainly focused on their acceptance and willingness to pay under certain self?payment assumption for breast cancer screening. Results A total of 3 049 participants, with a mean age of 52.4±7.0 years, were included. The group aged 45 to 55 years accounted for 50% of the patients, and the median annual income per capita in the recent 5 years was 22 000 (15 000-34 000) Chinese yuan (CNY). Educational level, occupation, and marital status may affect their full acceptance and voluntary payment (P<0.05). Of all the participants, 99% (3 016 participants) could totally or substantially accept the breast cancer screening. When the breast cancer screening was assumed to be conducted every 3 years in the low?cost self?paid context, 85% (2 581 participants) of the participants had the willingness to pay, while only 17% were willing to pay >100 CNY. The remaining 15% of the residents showed no willingness to pay, and the unaffordable expenditure (70%, 438 participants) and unnecessary screening (24%, 112 participants) were the primary considerations. Significant differences in acceptance, willingness to pay, and payment were found among the provinces. Conclusion Almost all high?risk populations for breast cancer could accept breast cancer screening. The willingness to pay was relatively high, but the amount of payment was limited and low.

Objective To understand the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer in China. Methods The data from GLOBOCAN 2012,Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report 2012, Cancer Incidence in Five Continents(CI5),the Three National Death Cause Surveys in China and WHO Mortality Database were used to learn about the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer and related trends in China. Results It was estimated by GLOBOCAN 2012 that in 2012 the age-standardized incidence of colorectal cancer in China was 16.9 per 100 000 in males and 11.6 per 100 000 in females,and the age-standardized mortality was 9.0 per 100 000 in males and 6.1 per 100 000 in females. GLOBOCAN 2012 estimated that colorectal cancer incidence and mortality would increase with the level of human development index. China’s human development level was high, suggesting that the burden of colorectal cancer would be more serious in China with the development of social economy. The data from CI5 VolumeⅣand GLOBOCAN 2012 indicated that the incidence of colorectal cancer began to increase obviously at age of 50 years in China. Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report 2012 showed that the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer in urban population were two times higher than those in rural population in 2009,the proportions of colon cancer among colorectal and anus cancers,which was 49.0% in males and 54.2% in females,53.4% in urban population and 41.7%in rural population. CI5 VolumesⅣ-Ⅹshowed that colon cancer and rectum and anus cancer incidence in Shanghai for both males and females were increasing during the period 1973-2007. The percentage change in colon cancer and rectum and anus cancer incidence between 1973-1977 and 2003-2007 increased by 138.8%and 31.1%in males,146.7%and 49.1%in females, respectively. The data from the Three National Death Cause Surveys showed that the crude mortality of colorectal cancer increased by 77.9%form mid 1970’s(1973-1975)to mid 2000’s(2004-2005). WHO Mortality Database showed that average annual percentage change(AAPC)of age-standardized colorectal cancer mortality increased by 0.7%(P<0.05) from 1987 to 2000. Conclusion More attention should be paid to the prevention and control of colorectal cancer in urban area and in male population in China. Similar to the western countries,the burden of colorectal cancer in China would continue to become serious if no population based prevention and control programs are conducted.

Objective To gather available evidence related to the economic evaluation on breast cancer screening in mainland China and to provide reference for further research.Methods A systematic review was conducted to identify articles in PubMed and three Chinese databases (CNKI,Wanfang and VIP) during 1995-2015.Data related to descriptive characteristics,rates on participation and detection for population-based studies,methods for model-based studies,types of economic evaluation and results,were extracted.A Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) was used to assess the reporting quality of included studies.Results Of the 356 records searched in the databases,13 studies (all published between 2012 and 2015) were included in the current paper involving 11 population-based studies and 3 model-based evaluations (1 study using both methods).Age of the participants who started to be engaged in the screening program ranged from 18 to 45 years old,but terminated at the age of 59 years or older.The screening modalities included single-used clinical breast examination,mammography and ultrasound or combined applications.Study persepectives were described in 7 studies,with 5 from the healthcare providers,and 2 from societal angles.Only 5 studies discounted cost or effectiveness.Out of 11 papers,9 showed the results on cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) that reporting the cost per breast cancer detection,with median as 145.0 thousand Chinese Yuan (CNY),ranging from 49.7 thousand to 2 293.0 thousand CNY.From 4 papers with results of cost-utility analysis (CUA),the cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained or cost per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted,were evaluated.The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was from 2.9 thousand to 270.7 thousand CNY (GDP per capita of China was CNY 49.3 thousand in 2015).In 13 studies,the quality of reporting varied,with an average score of 14.5 (range:9.5-21.0).In the domains of study perspective,discounting,ICER and uncertainty,all the scores of equalities were relatively levels.Conclusions Currently,evidence on economic evaluation of breast cancer screening in mainland China remained limited and weakly comparable,particularly model-based studies.Comprehensive analysis from societal perspective and QALY or DALY related cost-utility analysis should be implemented.

Objective:To deliver understanding of the latest research progress on clinical trials and approval of dermatological drugs in China in 2020.Methods:A registration and information disclosure platform for drug clinical studies and a query system for domestic and imported drugs in the National Medical Products Administration of China were searched for registered clinical trials and approved dermatological drugs, respectively. The number and stages of clinical trials, indications and classification of involved products, and listed dermatological drugs in 2020 were summarized and depicted.Results:There were 157 dermatological drug trials registered in China in 2020, accounting for 6.16% of all the 2 548 clinical drug trials, including 127 (80.9%) initiated by Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises and 25 (15.9%) international multicenter trials. Among the 127 drug trials initiated by Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises, bioequivalence trials were mostly common, accounting for 55.9% (71/127) . Compared with global pharmaceutical enterprises, domestic pharmaceutical companies initiated significantly decreased proportions of international multicenter trials (1.9% [3/157] vs. 14.0% [22/157], P < 0.001) , but significantly increased proportions of phaseⅠclinical trials and bioequivalence trials (24.4% [31/127] vs. 10.0% [3/30], 55.9% [71/127] vs. 0, respectively, both P < 0.001) . Totally, 90 kinds of dermatological drug were involved in all the trials, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and melanoma were the most common indications, and innovative drugs accounted for 53.3% (48/90) ; the proportion of innovative drugs was significantly lower in domestic pharmaceutical companies than in global pharmaceutical companies (43.2% [32/74] vs. 16/16, P < 0.001) . In addition, 28 dermatological drugs developed by 22 pharmaceutical companies were approved in China in 2020, of which 21 drugs were developed by domestic pharmaceutical companies. Conclusion:Clinical drug trials carried out by domestic pharmaceutical companies mostly focus on generic drugs, and it is still necessary for domestic pharmaceutical companies to further improve the innovation ability.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for clinical application in China. However, the increased immune-related adverse event (irAE) needs more attention. This review summarized the incidence, characteristic clinical manifestation and treatment of irAEs associated with programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand-1(PD-L1) inhibitors. To have a deep insight into irAE, the potential mechanisms, the different incidences of cancer types, influencing factors and the direction of future research were also discussed here to provide guidance for clinical oncologist to identify and monitor irAE.

Burden of colorectal cancer is rising in China. More attention and financial input have been paid to it by central government that colorectal cancer screening program has been carried out recently in many areas in China. Diversity of screening strategies and limited health resources render selecting the best strategy in a population-wide program a challenging task that economy was also required to be considered except safety and efficacy. To provide a reference for the subsequent further economic evaluation, here we reviewed the evidence available on the economic evaluation of colorectal cancer screening in China. Meanwhile, information related to screening strategies, participation and mid-term efficacy of screening, information and results on economic evaluation were extracted and summarized. Three of the four studies finally included evaluated strategies combining immunochemical fecel occult blood test (iFOBT) with high-risk factor questionnaire as initial screening, colonoscopy as diagnostic screening. There was a consensus regarding the efficacy and effectiveness of screening compared to no screening. Whereas the lack and poor comparability between studies, multi-perspective and multi-phase economic evaluation of colorectal cancer screening is needed, relying on current population-based screening program to conduct a comprehensive cost accounting.
China ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Early Detection of Cancer ; economics ; Humans ; Occult Blood ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo survey the acceptance and willingness-to-pay for colorectal cancer colonoscopy screening among high risk populations in urban China.

METHODSFrom 2012 to 2013, a Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) was initiated in 9 provinces, the current survey was conducted among those participants who were evaluated as "high risk for colorectal cancer" by a risk-factor-evaluation-model (community-based) and then went through a colonoscopy screening procedure (hospital-based). All the data were obtained through a questionnaire-based interview (face-to-face or self-completed), mainly focusing on the acceptance and willingness-to-pay of the participants for colorectal colonoscopy screening.

RESULTSThe current analysis included a total of 1 624 participants, with an median age of 55.0 years (P25 = 49.0, P75 = 61.0 years) and an annual income per capita of 17 thousand (range: 10-25 thousand) Chinese Yuan (CNY), 42.8% (695/1 624) of whom were males. Of all the participants, 87.0% (1 414/1 624) could totally or substantially accept the colonoscopy screening, particularly in those at higher education level (junior high school: OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.22-0.52; high school OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.26-0.66; college or over OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.20-0.59). Of all the participants, 13.0% (210/1 624) could not or hardly accept it, particularly in those with older age (60-69 years) (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.06-2.07), not in marriage (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.25-3.70) or with family member(s) to raise (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.17-2.20). 1 388 (85.5%) of all the participants had willingness-to-pay for a long-term colonoscopy screening service, particularly in those working in public (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.44-0.84) or enterprise sectors (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.38-0.94), but 82.3% (1 141/1 386) of whom would only pay less than 100 CNY; 14.5% (236/1 624) of total had no willingness-to-pay, particularly in those living in areas with moderate (OR = 4.08, 95% CI: 2.75-6.33) or high GDP per capita (OR = 3.26, 95% CI: 2.11-4.92), or with an absence of willingness-to-pay for colonoscopy screening (OR = 3.98, 95% CI: 2.81-5.65).

CONCLUSIONSAlthough a larger community-based colorectal cancer screening program was warranted to examine the extrapolation of these findings, it suggested that the acceptance for colorectal cancer colonoscopy screening among the selected high-risk populations was considerable. The willing-to-pay was relatively high but the amount of payment was limited, the indicated subgroups with potentially less acceptance or willingness need to be more focused in the future to reach a higher participation rate. The data will also be informative in integrating the screening service into the local health insurance system.

China ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Data Collection ; Demography ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Family ; Fees and Charges ; Female ; Humans ; Income ; Insurance, Health ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population

Objective To estimate the mean annual expenditure of patients with prevalent liver cancer in China on the perspective of the natural progression of the disease and to provide baseline information for liver cancer?related disease burden estimation and evaluation of prevention strategies. Methods A multicenter survey on liver cancer was conducted between 2012 and 2014 in 13 sites where the cancer screening program was conducted in Urban China, by face?to?face interviews with hospitalized patients. Data on basic information, clinical diagnosis and treatment, direct medical expenditure, and direct non?medical expenditure were collected. By?year expenditure and number of visits from the first visit to the end of the survey were analyzed. The trend for the two indicators in each year was analyzed. The subgroup analysis of factors such as sex and age was conducted. All the expenditure data were discounted to the year 2014 and presented in Chinese yuan. The statistical analysis was performed using the SAS 9.4 software. Results A total of 2 222 patients with liver cancer, with a mean age of 55.7±11.2 years, were included. Men accounted for 79.2% (1 759 cases) of the patients, women accounted for 20.8% (463 cases) of the patients, and 75.6% (1 679 cases) of the cases were from cancer hospitals. Stage Ⅰ cases only accounted for 14.1% (299 cases) of all the cases, and most cases were stageⅢorⅣ(62.6%, 1 325 cases). Of the cases, 64.4% (1 430 cases) had pathological information, and 83.6%(1 195 cases) were pathologically hepatocellular carcinoma. The sample sizes for the first 3 years from the first visit were 2 222, 149, and 57, respectively (by?year sample sizes thereafter were<50). The annual total medical expenditures for the first 3 years were 49 091 yuan (95% confidence interval [CI]: 47 376-50 806), 30 506 yuan (95% CI: 26 462-34 549), and 32 100 yuan (95% CI: 25 917-38 283) (P<0.001). The corresponding number of visits were 1.9, 1.6, and 1.5 (P<0.001). The trend for each province was consistent with the overall trend, while the down trend from years 1 to 2 varied among provinces, ranging from 1.4 (Zhejiang province) to 5.6 times (Henan province). For the trend in the first 3 years, differences were found in subgroups such as region (P<0.001) and treatment (P<0.05), instead of sex, age, stage, and other subgroups. Conclusions For liver cancer patients in China, the annual expenditure for the first year in the whole disease course was 1.6 times higher than that for the second year, which varied among provinces. However, information on annual expenditure for the later course of liver cancer is still limited.