Autophagy is the cytoplasm and organelles of eukaryotic cells through degradation of itself,aself digest,a series of biochemical process is a kind of programmed cell death,its main function is to remove and degrade its damaged organelles and redundant biological macromolecules,and use the degradation products provide energy,reconstruction and cellular structure,in the steady state of cell and cell life activities play an important role.In recent years,autophagy in glomerular cells play a role of regulation and control have become the focus in the confrontation podocyte damage,including Beclin-1 autophagy related genes in the role of autophagy regulation has caused wide public concern.This article chooses of Beclin-1 in sertoli cell autophagy related research in the role of regulation are reviewed.

To study the repairing process of elastic fiber after anastosis of artery, 90 femoral arteries of rats were divided and end-to-end anastomosis was performed. 3,7,14,21,30, and 90 days after anastomosis, the arteries were harvested and the restructuring of the elastic fiber of ananstomosed arteries was studied with formic acid digestion method and observed under scanning electronic microscope. Three main stages could be identified in the course of elastic fiber restructaring: stage 1, quiescent stage; stage 2, proliferation stage; and stage 3, reconstruction stage. After anastomosis of an artery, there was a remodeling process involving elastic fibers, and the repair of elastic fiber takes a neointimal model. The amount of elastic fiber increases markedly 30 days after the anastomosis, and its morphological structure becomes stable.

Objective To observe the changes of foot processes,expression and distribution of transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6) in podocytes by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) and dexamethasone (DEX) intervention,then to investigate the function of TRPC6 in podocytes and its relation to proteinuria in kidney diseases.Methods Podocytes cultured in vitro were divided into three group:control group,PAN stimulation group and DEX intervention group.Mouse podocyte cell line (MPC5) were cultured in 0.02％ dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in control group,subjected to PAN (50 μg/ml) treatment alone or with DEX (1 μmol/L) in other two groups for 8 h,24 h,48 h.The podocyte morphology was observed and took pictures by phase-contrast microscope,then the differences of morphology and areas were analyzed.The distribution,mRNA expression and protein expression of TRPC6 were detected by indirect immunocyto-fluorescence,real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting,respectively.Results The well-developed podocyte arborization and interconnection was formed in control group,but PAN led to significant shrinkage of podocytes (P ＜ 0.05),together with podocyte foot process retraction,effacement and loss of cell contact.DEX significantly prevented the shrinkage and apoptosis of podocytes.The apoptosis rate was significantly increased after PAN stimulated 48 h (P ＜ 0.05).Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting found TRPC6 mRNA and protein expression were prone to increase in PAN group compared with control group (P ＜ 0.05).The distribution of TRPC6 becamed abnormal in PAN group.DEX decreased TRPC6 mRNA and protein expression at 48 h compared with PAN group (P ＜ 0.05).The abnormal distribution of TRPC6 was also alleviated by the protection of DEX.Conclusion DEX exerts a direct action to podocyte which retains the integrity of slit diaphragm against podocyte injury,and alleviates proteinuria via stabilizing mRNA,protein expression and distribution of TRPC6.

Objective To study the regeneration regularity of neuropeptide Y positive(NPY+) nerves in splenic autotransplantation. Methods Healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups:(1)splenectomy and splenic autotransplantation group;(2) sham-operation group. Regeneration process and density changes of the NPY+ nerve fibers in the two groups were studied by immunohistochemical methods and computer image analysis qualification on day 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 postoperatively. Results The NPY+ nerve fibers had no regeneration on day 30 postoperatively, but on day 60 nerve fibers appeared in the peri-region of the autotransplanted spleen, on day 90 nerve fibers extended into the inner-part of splenic autotransplants. Density of the nerve fibers gradually became greater and almost normal on 180 days after operation. Conclusions After splenic autotransplantation, the NPY+ nerve fibers could be regeneration in the autotransplants tissue. The renascent nerve fibers came from greater omentum which wrapes the splenic autografts.

Case analysis method,which was a new teaching mode,was proposed for some problems in current traditional teaching mode.The concrete operation content of case analysis method in lemological teaching was described.The results of the survey analysis showed that the teaching effectiveness of the new teaching mode was obviously better than that of traditional teaching mode.

Objective To observe the expression and distribution of α-actin-4 mRNA through puromycin aminonueleoside(PAN) injury podocyte,and discuss the relation between α-actin-4 and podocyte damage.Methods Podocytes were cultured in vitro,and 2 groups were set up:control group and PAN stimulation group.The control group was cultured with concentration of 100 mL/L FBS RPMI 1640 nutrient solution culture,while the PAN group was cultivated to PAN(50 mg/L) treatment,and cell morphology,extraction of total RNA of α-actin-4 were observed in 8 h,24 h and 48 h.The podocyte morphology was observed and pictures were taken through phase-contrast microscope,then the differences of morphology and areas between the 2 groups were analyzed.The distribution and mRNA expression of α-actin-4 were detected by indirect immunocyto-fluorescence and real-time quantitative PCR,respectively.Results The well-developed podocyte arborization was formed after the in vitro induction,and the PAN treatment led to the podocyte foot process retraction and effacement together with the mouse podocyte cell line shrinkage and the loss of cell contact.The above time point α-actin-4 mRNA expressions between the 2 groups were compared,and there was no significant difference in 8 h (P ＞ 0.05),but significant difference was found in 24 h,48 h,α-actin-4 higher mRNA expression,with statistical significance(all P ＜0.01).α-actin-4 in the control group had thin filaments evenly distributed in the cytoplasm,but a radioactive distribution in foot process.In the experimental group,α-actin-4 pressure silk fiber was shorter,with disordered arrangement,and PAN stimulus after 24 h,α-actin-4 distribution in cytoplasm was decreased significantly,while cytoplasmic distribution was missing after 48 h.Conclusions The abnormal of distribution and mRNA expression of α-actin-4 is time-related to the PAN injury podocyte,and α-actin-4 is an important part of podocyte damage mechanism.

Objective To observe the expression of mRNA of podocin,nephrin,CD2AP and α - actin - 4 in Doxorubicin - induced nephrotic(ADN)rats,and explore the possible mechanisms of podocyte molecule during the de-velopment of proteinuria. Methods Forty - eight Sprague - Dawley(SD)rats were divided into ADN model group(in-jected with 6. 5 mg/ kg Doxorubicin in tail vein,n = 24)and control group(injected with saline solution in tail vein,n =24). After the nephropathy model was established,6 rats were killed at the end of 1st ,2nd ,4th ,6th week in each group. The changes of the following indicators were observed:(1)24 - hour urinary protein,serum albumin and cholesterol were detected;(2)mRNA expression of nephrin,podocin,CD2AP and α - actin - 4 in cortex of kidney were examined by real time fluorescence quantification PCR. Results The model group came out massive proteinuria(15. 66 ± 1. 50) mg/ 24 h,(45. 98 ± 1. 45)mg/ 24 h,(65. 58 ± 4. 68)mg/ 24 h,(82. 83 ± 8. 43)mg/ 24 h in 1,2,4,6 weeks respec-tively,hypoalbuminemia(27. 4 ±2. 5)g/ L,(23. 6 ±2. 9)g/ L,(20. 6 ±1. 5)g/ L,(6. 9 ± 2. 3)g/ L in 1,2,4,6 weeks respectively and hypercholesterolaemia(2. 00 ± 0. 25)mmol/ L,(2. 16 ± 0. 44)mmol/ L,(4. 02 ± 0. 81)mmol/ L, (7. 54 ± 1. 12)mmol/ L in 1,2,4,6 weeks respectively,and the differences of proteinuria,plasma albumin and total cholesterol compared with control group at each time point had statistical significance(all P ﹤ 0. 01). Compared with the control group,podocin mRNA expression in the model group decreased at the end of 1st week(10. 56 ± 3. 62),de-creased significantly at the end of 2nd week(20. 44 ± 9. 03),and decreased at the end of 4th week(2. 19 ± 0. 18)com-pared with the control group;nephrin mRNA expression decreased at the end of 1st week(2. 41 ± 1. 10)and reached to the peak value,decreased at the end of 4th week(0. 52 ± 0. 18);CD2AP mRNA expression did not change significantly in the 1st week(4. 17 ± 0. 79),increased at the end of 2nd week(6. 74 ± 1. 53),reached to the peak value at the end of 4th week(6. 91 ± 1. 13),but did not change significantly at the end of 6th week(4. 04 ± 0. 82);α - actin - 4 mRNA ex-pression did not change significantly at the end of 1st week(1. 75 ± 0. 48),decreased at the end of 2nd week(2. 01 ± 0. 55),reached to the peak value at the end of 4th week(2. 24 ± 0. 81),but did not change significantly at the end of 6th week(1. 39 ± 0. 18). Compared with the control group,the difference had statistical significance( all P ﹤ 0. 05). Conclusion The abnormal expression of podocyte molecules mRNA in ADN rats may be an important molecular mechanism in the development of proteinuria.

The data of arterial pressure and diameter were measured in vivo before and after normal anastomosis and tensional anastomosis in canine femoral arteries at different time intervals. The arterial compliance was calculated, and the exponential form C = bemPa was employed to fit the compliance (C)- average pressure (Pa) curve. The relationship between compliance and average pressure was determined. The results showed that the compliance of arteries decreased after anastomosis, and the compliance of arteries after tensional anastomosis was lower than that of normal anastomosis at different time intervals. It was decreased most markedly at 14 days after tensional anastomosis. This indicated that the distensibility of tensional anastomotic artery was decreased more markedly than that of normal anastomotic artery. The function of artery was evidently affected by tensional anastomosis.
Anastomosis, Surgical ; methods ; Animals ; Compliance ; Dogs ; Female ; Femoral Artery ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Male ; Pressure

Objective To explore the influencing factors of mild cognitive impairment(MCI)in patients with atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus,and to establish the prediction model,so as to provide guidance for the treatment of MCI in patients with atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus.Methods 199 patients with atrial fibrillation and diabetes diagnosed in the second ward of Cardiovascular Department of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2023 to January 2024 were analyzed.The related factors of MCI in patients with atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regres-sion.According to the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis,the prediction model of MCI in patients with atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus was established.Results Univariate analysis showed that age(P=0.002 3),homocysteine(P＜0.000 1),fasting blood glucose(P=0.022 5),glycated hemoglobin(P=0.006 6),and blood uric acid(P=0.032 2)were the influencing factors of MCI.Multivariate logistic regression analysis:age(OR=1.08,P=0.000 4),homocysteine(OR=1.37,P＜0.000 1),fasting blood glucose(OR=1.22,P=0.023 5),glycated hemoglobin(OR=1.61,P=0.004 2),and blood uric acid(OR=1.29,P=0.009 1)were the independent influencing factors of MCI.The optimal threshold is when the Youden index(YI=sensitivity+speci-ficity)is maximum.At the optimal threshold,the sensitivity was 0.74,the specificity was 0.80,and the area under the curve(AUC)was 0.809,indicating that the model can effectively predict the occurrence of MCI.Conclusion Age,fasting blood glucose,blood homocysteine,blood uric acid and glycosylated hemoglobin are independent risk factors for MCI in patients with atrial fibrillation and diabetes.The clinical prediction model based on multivariate logistic regression has a certain predictive value for the occurrence of MCI in patients with atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus.

Objective To observe the nursing of deep venous catheter implantation with two Dacron cuff and to evaluate clinical efficacy.Methods Group A with 20 cases was carried out avul-sion sheath implanted cuffed long-term catheter in right internal jugular vein and group B with 18 cases was implanted long-term catheter by the right external jugular vein incision.The amount of bleeding during the operation,related index of dialysis and catheter -related infection were record-ed.And Kt /V value and catheter dysfunction time were calculated.Results NO catheter -related infection was occurred and bleeding in the group B was less than that in the group A,and there was statistical difference in two groups(P <0.05).Conclusion The operative risk of group B was less than group A and there were no significant differences in dialysis efficacy,catheter dysfunction time and infection rate of two groups after education and nursing.Therefore,both methods could be se-lected in clinic for different patients.