Objective To investigate the vaginal flora characteristics,clinical symptoms and signs of lactating women 6-8 weeks after delivery and the influence factors.Methods Two hundred and twenty-three puerpera 6-8 weeks after delivery who went to outpatient department of Peking University First Hospital for postpartum review (study group) and 200 normal non-pregnant women (control group) from April to May,2010 were enrolled into this study.All in study group were evaluated by a questionnaire regarding their symptoms,sexual behavior,breast-feeding situation and delivery mode.Vaginal secretions from upper 1/3 of vagina were collected and evaluated by vaginal microbial evaluation system.Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was diagnosed if Nugent score ≥ 7.Enumeration data between groups was compared by t test,and quantitative data by Chi-square test.Results The density of vaginal flora in study group was different from that of control group (x2 =96.302,P＜0.001) ; so did the flora diversity of two groups (x2 =69.871,P＜0.001).There was no difference between mean age of study group [(30.5 ± 3.9) years] and control group [(30.9 ± 2.4)years],P＞0.05.The cesarean section rate was 52.7％ (89/169),13 women (7.7％) had began their sexual behavior before interview,116 women (70.3％) took breast-feeding.Dominant bacteria in the vagina of lactating women were Gram-positive cocci (69/175,39.4％) and Gram-positive bacillus (54/175, 30.9％), which was different from control group (Gram-positive bacillus,180/189,95.2％),P＜0.001.The vaginal pH of study group was 5.0±0.5,which was higher than that (＜4.5) of control group.In study group,incidence of lower hydrogen peroxide level of vagina was 84.3 ％ (177/210) ; positive rate of sialidase was 6.7 ％ (14/210) ; positive rate of leukocyte esterase was 91.0％ (191/210).A large number of postpartum women had an abnormal Nugent score,most of them showed a state of intermediate BV (132/195,67.7％) or BV (8/195,4.1％),while a few patients had symptoms of BV (23.5％,33/140).Sexual behavior had no significant effect on postpartum vaginal flora.The proportion of abnormal vaginal flora in breast feeding mothers (74.1 ％,86/116) was significantly higher than that (57.1％,28/49) in artificial feeding mothers,P=0.034.Delivery mode also affected postpartum vaginal flora.Women underwent cesarean section were more susceptible to abnormal vaginal flora (77.5％,69/89) than those underwent vaginal delivery (57.5％,46/80),x2 =7.726,P=0.005.Conclusions Vaginal flora of postpartum women 6-8 weeks after delivery had significant difference from that of nonpregnant women.The incidence of asymptomatic abnormal vaginal flora was high.Breastfeeding and delivery mode are influence factors of abnormal vaginal flora.

Objective To explore the preventive effect and mechanism of pioglitazone on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats.Methods Thirty six male Sprague-Dawley ( SD) rats were randomly divided into normal control group , high-fat diet group , and pioglitazone intervention group , with 12 rats in each group .Normal control group fed with standard diet for eight weeks , and the rest two groups fed with high fat diet .Pioglitazone intervention group fed with pioglitazone in the four to eight weeks , the rest two groups in the same period fed with distilled water .Fasting serum alanine aminotransferase , aspartate aminotransferase , total cholesterol , triglyc-erides, fasting glucose , and fasting blood insulin levels were determined .The fasting insulin resistance index was calculated .Routine histological features of hepatic section were observed by hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining.The shape change of Kupffer cells in the liv-er was detected .The levels of tumor necrosis factor ( TNF)-αand nitric oxide ( NO) secreted by Kupffer cells were measured .Results The fasting insulin resistance index , triglycerides , and total cholesterol in rats of high-fat diet group were significantly higher than in normal control group ( P <0.05 ) .Histopathological examination showed hepatocellular macrove sicular steatosis , lobular inflammatory cell infiltration, and inflammatory cell infiltration .Hepatic Kupffer cell morphology change , its produced TNF, NO and liver tissue pa-thology changes were positively correlated ( P <0.05 ) .The fasting insulin resistance index , triglycerides , total cholesterol was signifi-cantly lower in rats of pioglitazone intervention group than the high-fat diet group ( P <0.05 ) .The liver tissue structure was obviously improved pioglitazone intervention group rats , morphology and function of liver Kupffer cells were normal .Conclusions Pioglitazone can prevent the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high fat diet .The mechanism may be related to improve insulin resistance , reduce blood fat , and regulate function of Kupffer cells .

Objective To explore the role of Kupffer cells( KCs)disorder on the occurrence and development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ( NAFLD) by means of rat model fed with high-fat diet. Methods Twenty-four male SD rats were random divided into model group ( n =12) and normal group( n = 12) , with a high-fat diet and standard diet for 12 weeks. The levels of body weight, liver weight, alanine aminotransferase( ALT), aspartate aminotransferase( AST) , triglyceride(TG) , and total cholesterol( TC) were measured. Routine histological features of hepatic section were observed by H. E staining. The shape changes of KCs in the liver were detected, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) secreted by KCs were measured. Results The weight, liver index, the levels of ALT, AST, TG, TC, and the levels of TNF-α and NO secreted by KCs in model group were higher than that in the normal group ( P < 0. 05). Histopathological examination showed hepatocellular macrovesicular steatosis, lobular inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis. Compared with normal group, the shape and function of KCs in the liver changed largely. Furthermore, these changes of KCs were in accordance with the degree of steatosis, inflammation and necrosis in the liver of the model group. Conclusions The shape and function of KCs changed significantly in NAFLD induced by high-fat diet, and KCs disorder might be involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.

Objective To construct a rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by feeding rats fat-rich diet and analyze the effect of insulin resistance (IR)in the development of NAFLD. Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into normal diet group (NG, n =24) and fat-rich diet group (FG, n =24). At the end of feeding for2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks or 8weeks, 6 rats in NG and FG were randomly took out. Their weight were recorded, then the serum fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, ala-nine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were measured, and the fasting insulin resistance index and liver index (liver weight (g)/body weight(g) × 100%)was calculated. Then liver tissues were homogenized, and muleic dialdehyde and superoxide dismutase were determined. The hepatic steatosis in all rats was assessed according to the results under light microscope. Results The body weight of rats in NG increased faster than those in FG after six weeks. The liver index of rats in FG was markedly higher than that in NG since the second weekend. The rats in FG began to have hepatocyte steatosis from the second weekend, had insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, dysfunction of liver and lipid peroxide of liver from the fourth weekend, suffered mild fatty liver from the sixth weekend, and developed to moderate fatty liv-er from the eighth weekend. Conclusions NAFLD with IR model was successfully developed by feeding SD rats with an improved rich-fat diet for 6 weeks. IR may play an important role in the development of NAFLD.

0.05).We did not find any difference of the expression of fibronectin,laminin and type IV collagen in them.Expression of ICAM and VCAM were(56.4?14.8)% and(55.6?12.2)%,respectively,obviously higher than those in control group(P

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Postpartum Period ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vaginosis, Bacterial ; epidemiology

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has spread worldwide and threatened human's health. With the passing of time, the epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 evolves and the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection accumu-lates. To further improve the scientific and standardized diagnosis and treatment of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in China, the Chinese Society of Perinatal Medicine of Chinese Medical Association commissioned leading experts to develop the Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection under the guidance of the Maternal and Child Health Department of the National Health Commission. This recommendations includes the epidemiology, diagnosis, management, maternal care, medication treatment, care of birth and newborns, and psychological support associated with maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is hoped that the recommendations will effectively help the clinical management of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection.