To cultivate professional ethics abilities for medical students is the requirement for the development of medical humanities.This paper analyzes the causes of the insufficiencies of professional ethics abilities among modern medical students,and explores possible approaches to increasing the professional ethics abilities among medical students,including advocating society's involvement in the instruction of medical ethics mission,reinforcing medical colleges' educational system,strengthening practice in clinical practice,and improving medical students' professional ethics abilities via various approaches.

Nurse's morality plays an important role in the Nurse-Patient Relationship. The implement of nurse ethics in the Nurse-Patient Relationship facilitates the transformation and development of the relationship. To deal with the Nurse-Patient Relationship better, the article puts forward some measures to foster nurse's morality

Objective To investigated the analgesic effect of processed Aconiti tuber(PAT) in rats with a sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury(CCI) .Methods The study was conducted in two parts. CCI model was developed with four ligatures placed around the right sciatic nerve and tied without obstructing the blood supply of the nerve. In part Ⅰ, forty rats were randomly divided into five groups(n = 8) . In group Ⅰ normal saline 1 ml , In group Ⅱ-Ⅴ PAT 0.5 ,1, 2 ,or 4 g/kg was administered orally 14 days after CCI respectively. In part Ⅱ , thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8) . In group Ⅰ oral normal saline 1 ml, in group Ⅱ oral PAT 2 g/kg, in group Ⅲ oral PAT 2 g/kg + intraperitoneal nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) 2 mg/kg, in group Ⅳ oral PAT 2 g/kg + intrathecal nor-BNI 100 ?g was administered 14 days after CCI. As indicators of mechanical and heat hyperalgesia, the paw withdrawal pressure threshold (PWPT) in response to a graded pressure stimulus with a filament and the paw withdrawal latency (PWL) in response to radiant heat were measured in both hind paws before and after drugs administration.Results In part Ⅰ, in group Ⅲ-Ⅴ PWL was prolonged significantly and in group Ⅳ - Ⅴ PWPT were significantly increased compared with those in group I . There was no significant difference in PWL and PWPT between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ . In part Ⅱ , in group Ⅲ, Ⅳ PWPT and PWL were significantly lower than those in group Ⅱ . There was no significantly difference in PWL and PWPT between group Ⅰ and group Ⅲ, Ⅳ . Conclusion In rat with neuropathic pain processed Aconiti tuber exerts analgesic effect via the spinal ?-opioid receptor activation.

Objective To explore the perinatal risk factors and clinical characteristics of complications of early term neonates.Methods Data of 5 468 live term newborns and their mothers hospitalized in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2013 to December 2013 were analyzed.Background information,morbidity and complications of the mothers were compared among early,full and late term groups (n=l 933,3 013,412,respectively).And background information and incidence of complications were also investigated among neonates of early,full and late term groups (n=2 033,3 023,412,respectively),and neonates born between 37-37+6 (n=695) and 38-38+6 weeks (n=1 338).One-way analysis of variance,LSD-t test,logistic regression analysis,Chi-square or Fisher exact test,Pearson Chi-square test,corrected Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.Results 1.Comparison among the early,full and late term group showed that higher proportions of elder gravida [21.1％(407/1 933),10.5％(317/3 013),6.8％(28/412),x2=127.690],multipara [43.7％(844/1 933),23.1％(697/3 013),15.0％(62/412),x2=287.765],scarred uterus [27.9％(539/1 933),8.9％(267/3013),1.5％(6/412),x2=396.521],higher incidence of cesarean section [75.2％(1 453/1 933),56.2％(1 693/3 013),54.1％(223/412),x2=196.348],hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy [9.2％(178/1 933),3.5％(105/3 013),2.9％(12/412),x2=79.915],multiple pregnancy[5.1％(99/1 933),0.3％(9/3 013),0.0％(0/412),x2=147.860],gravidity＞1[63.1％(1 220/1 933),47.3％(1 425/3 013),39.6％(163/412),x2=147.668],premature rupture of fetal membranes[20.6％(398/l 933),14.2％(428/3 013),10.2％(42/412),x2=47.217],abnormal amniotic fluid[17.8％(344/1 933),12.3％(370/3 013),11.2％(46/412),x2=32.777],gestational diabetes mellitus[11.5％(223/1 933),5.9％(178/3 013),5.1％(21/412),x2=56.169],abnormal presentation [9.5％(184/1 933),5.1％(155/3 013),2.9％(12/412),x2=43.511],abnormal placenta [7.6％(146/1 933),3.1％(92/3 013),2.7％(11/412),x2=57.739],hysteromyoma[4.9％(94/1 933),2.3％(68/3 013),0.7％(3/412),x2=35.062] in the early term group than in the full and late term group,respectively (all P＜0.016).Multivariate logistic analysis showed that multiple pregnancy (OR=21.736,95％CI:10.785-43.806),scarred uterus (OR=3.302,95％CI:2.679-4.071) and hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy(OR=2.658,95％CI:2.040-3.465) were the leading three perinatal risk factors for early term delivery.2.The incidence of the following neonatal conditions were different among early,full and late term infants (all P＜0.05):hyperbilirubinemia [12.5％(255/2 033),3.9％(119/3 023),4.9％(20/412),x2=138.343],infectious diseases [4.3％(88/2 033),2.0％(59/3 023),1.7％(7/412),x2=27.122],asphyxia[3.0％(60/2 033,1.4％(42/3 023),1.0％(4/412),x2=17.795],brain damage [2.3％(46/2 033),0.5％(15/3,023),10.％(4/412)],respiratory distress syndrome [1.1％(23/2 033),0.2％(7/3 023),0.0％(0/412)],feeding problems [2.0％(41/2 033),0.3％(10/3 023),1.0％ (4/412)],surgical diseases[2.0％(41/2 033),0.9％(28/3 023),1.5％(6/412),x2=0.709],intracranial hemorrhage [1.9％(39/2 033),0.9％(26/3 023),0.5％(2/412),x2=13.263],wet lung [0.9％(19/2 033),0.4％(11/3 023),0.5％(2/412)].Incidences of the above complications in the early term infants were all higher than in the full term infants,but when compared with the later term infants,only that of hyperbilirubinemia and infectious diseases was higher (all P＜0.016).Incidence of admission ot NICU [24.5％(170/695) vs 11.5％(153/1 338),x2=57.729],hyperbilirubinemia [19.0％(132/695) vs 9.2％(123/1 338),x2=40.046],infectious diseases[6.2％(43/695) vs 3.4％(45/1 338),x2=8.807],brain damage[4.0％(28/695) vs 1.3％(18/1 338),x2=14.828],and NRDS[2.0％(14/695) vs 0.5％(9/1 338),x2=7.329],feeding problems [3.2％(22/695) vs 1.5％(20/1 338),x2=6.271],intracranial hemorrhage [3.2％(22/695) vs 1.3％(17/1 338),x2=8.684],wet lung [1.7％(12/695) vs 0.5％(7/1 338),x2=7.049] of the early term infants born at 37-37+6 weeks were all higher than those born at 38-38+6 weeks(all P＜0.05).Conclusions Multiple pregnancy,scarred uterus and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy are the three leading perinatal risk factors of early term delivery.The incidence of neonatal complications among early term infants are higher than those among full term infants,and early term infants are more likely to stay in NICU.We should take preventive measures to decrease the rate of early term delivery and improve the follow-up management of early term infants.

Objective To investigate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine for epidural anesthesia in renal transplantion. Methods Eight patients undergoing renal transplantation (group R) and eight patients with normal renal function (group C) were included in this study. Nine patients were male and seven female. Age ranged from 27-52 years and body weight from 46-89 kg. Radial artery was cannulated under local anesthesia for blood pressure monitoring and blood sampling. An epidural catheter was placed at L1-2. An epidural bolus of 0.75% ropivacaine 16 ml was given. The level of sensory block was tested every 3 min within 30min after epidural ropivacaine and then every 15 min.The degree of motor block was assessed using Bromage score every minute (0 = the patient can move his/her lower limb freely, 3 = the patient can not flex his/her hip, knee and ankle) . Arterial blood samples were taken before, during and after surgery for determination of plasma concentration of Alphal acid glycoprotein (?1-AGP) using an ultrafiltration technique. Results Demographic data including gender, age and body weight were comparable between the two groups. The onset time of sensory block in group R (20.00?4.63)min was significantly shorter than that in group C (32.14?8.09) min, while duration of sensory block in group R (60.00?27.69) min was significantly tonger than that in group C (43.13 ? 27.64) min. Plasma concentration of ?1-AGP in group R was significantly higher than that in group C ( P

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of caffeine citrate (CC) on the neuronal proliferation and apoptosis and long-term learning ability in neonatal rats with hypoxia-ischemic brain damage (HIBD).MethodsForty-eight 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham operation group (n=16), HIBD group (n=16), HIBD + caffeine citrate group (CC group,n=16). Rats in HIBD and CC groups received ligation of left common carotid artery followed by 2 hours of hypoxia to establish HIBD model. Rats in CC group were injected intraperitoneally with CC (20 mg/kg) before and at 0 min, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after hypoxia-ischemic (HI), and rats in the other two groups were injected intraperitoneally with an equal volume of normal saline at the corresponding time. Meanwhile, from postnatal day 10, each rat was injected intraperitoneally with 5-bromo-2’-de-oxyuridine (BrdU) (50 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive times, once every 12 h. On postnatal day 12, BrdU in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and cleaved caspase-3 in the hippocampal CA1 area were detected by immunohistochemistry, and neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 area were detected by TUNEL staining. On postnatal day 28, long-term learning and memory ability of rats was tested by Y maze.ResultsThere was signiifcant difference in the number of BrdU-positive cells in brain tissues of rats among three groups (F=101.38,P<0.01). The BrdU-positive cells in HIBD group and CC group were signiifcantly more than those in sham operation group (P<0.05). There was signiifcant difference in the number of cleaved caspase-3-positive cells in hippocampal CA1 area among three groups (F=379.77,P<0.01). The cleaved caspase-3-positive cells in CC group were signiif-cantly fewer than those in HIBD group but signiifcantly more than those in sham operation group (P<0.05). The TUNEL-pos-itive cells in hippocampal CA1 area were signiifcantly different among three groups (F=505.92,P<0.01) which was most in HIBD group and fewest in sham operation group and signiifcant difference was found through multiple comparison (P<0.05). The total learning number of avoiding electric shock tested by Y maze was signiifcantly different among three groups (F=32.05, P<0.01) which was most in HIBD group. Correct response rate was significantly different among three groups (F=24.99, P<0.01) which was lowest in HIBD group.ConclusionsCaffeine citrate can improve the ability of long-term learning and memory in neonatal rats with hypoxia-ischemic brain damage, the mechanism of which may be related to reducing the neuronal apoptosis after hypoxia ischemia.

The medical students, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of medical from 5- year,7-year, 8-year to general of academic, received evidence-based medicine (EBM) education. The students' background and attitudes about EBM were different. Teaching EBM should pay attention to the relationship of EBM and basic courses, especially for deferent students. Teaching EBM should transform from imparting basic knowledge to learning skills on their own initiative.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of caffeine citrate on white matter damage in 2-day-old neonatal rats induced by postnatal infection.Methods Forty-eight 2-day-old SD rats were randomly divided into the control group (group A,n =16),lipopolysaccharide(LPS) infection group (group B,n =16),and caffeine citrate intervention group (group C,n =16) according to the random table method.The newborn rats of group B and C were continuously injected LPS 0.6 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 5 days from 2 days old,and the newborn rats of group A were continuously injected by an equal volume of 9 g/L saline intraperitoneally.Group C was continuously injected by caffeine citrate 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 7 days from 4 days old;equal volume of 9 g/L saline was injected into group A and B for 7 days continuously.At 12 days old,8 rats of each group were sacrificed randomly to evaluate the expression of myelin basic protein(MBP) subcortical white matter by immunohistochemical method.Both sides of hippocampus of the rest 8 rats of each group were taken out in ice surface rapidly.The left hippocampus was used to detect the expression of MBP and Caspase-3 by Western blot method,and the right hippocampus was used to evaluate the MBP and Caspase-3 protein level by quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR) method.Results The mean integral optical density (IOD) of subcortical MBP positive expression in group A,group B and group C were 132.64 ± 1.94,102.43 ± 2.12,114.25 ± 2.04,and the difference was statistically significant among 3 groups (F =22.912,P ＜ 0.05).The relative expression levels of MBP mRNA of 3 groups in hippocampus were 0.79 ± 0.01,0.39 ± 0.03,0.55 ± 0.02,and the difference was statistically significant among 3 groups (F =18.584,P ＜ 0.05).The relative expression levels of MBP protein of 3 groups in hippocampus were 0.64 ± 0.03,0.31 ± 0.03,0.51 ± 0.05,and the difference was statistically significant among 3 groups (F =25.780,P ＜ 0.05).The relative expression levels of Caspase-3 mRNA of 3 groups in hippocampus were 0.34 ± 0.02,0.74 ± 0.03,0.57 ± 0.04,and the difference was statistically significant among 3 groups (F =6.105,P ＜ 0.05).The relative expression of Caspase-3 protein of 3 groups in hippocampus were 0.11 ± 0.03,0.36 ± 0.02,0.23 ± 0.03,and the difference was statistically significant among 3 groups (F =40.541,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Caffeine citrate has showed protective effect on white matter damage in neonatal rats of 2 days old induced by postnatal infection.The mechanism may be related to inhibition of inflammatory response and reducing apoptosis.

BACKGROUND:Preliminary studies have showed that vacuum sealing drainage based on wound surface dressing biomaterials is a good method to cover the wound as succedaneous peau when the soft tissuedefects along with open fracture cannot be completely repaired during the first operation. OBJECTIVE:To explore the efficacy of vacuum sealing drainage based on wound surface dressing biomaterials in repair of soft tissue defects of foot and ankle. METHODS:Fourteen patients with soft tissue defects of foot and ankle were treated using free skin graft combined with vacuum sealing drainage technique. Meanwhile, the traditional skin graft after wound dressing changes was applied in another 11 patients. The clinical outcomes were compared between two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The transplanted skin in 10 cases of the vacuum sealing drainage group survived. The total survival rate was 71%, and surgical dressing change was applied in the left four patients to finaly cover the wound. By comparison, the transplanted skin in four cases of the traditional group survived. The total survival rate was 54%. To finish the wound, three of the left patients were turned to surgical dressing change and two of them stil needed skin graft operation once more. The total survival rate between the two groups has no statistical significance(P > 0.05). The therapeutic procedure noted that the time waiting for the secondary surgical visit, times for dressing change before the second intervention and the time for final union between the two groups were statisticaly different (P < 0.05). So the vacuum sealing drainage based on wound surface dressing biomaterials may accelerate the repair of soft tissue defects of foot and ankle when using the free skin graft operation.

Aim To investigate the pharmacokinetics of dipfluzine hydrochloride,a novel piperazines calcium antagonist.Methods Eighteen Beagle dogs were randomly divided into three groups,which were administered with dipfluzine hydrochloride at iv single dose of 1.5,3.0 and 6.0 mg?kg-1,respectively.The blood was collected at different time.A RP-HPLC method was developed to determine the concentration of dipfluzine hydrochloride in plasma.The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by 3P97 software.Results The specificity,lowest limit of detection and quantification,extraction recoveries,the precision of intra-and inter-day and stability were qualified to the pharmacokinetic study.The concentration-time courses of dipfluzine hydrochloride were best fitted to a two-compartment open model at three doses.The main pharmacokinetic parameters at three doses were 24.7,24.2 and 29.6 h for T12?,0.44,1.12 and 2.86 g?min?L-1 for AUC,1.30,1.22 and 1.28 L?kg-1 for Vc,and 3.4?10-3,2.7?10-3 and 2.1?10-3 L?kg-1?min-1 for CL,respectively.Conclusions The developed RP-HPLC method for determination of dipfluzine hydrochloride in plasma can satisfy the requirement of pharmacokinetic study after iv dipfluzine hydrochloride.Analysis of plasma concentration-time curves indicates a biphasic decrease.There was a linear relationship between AUC and dosage.