ObjectiveThis paper aims to clarify the material basis of Gualou Niubangtang and establish a quantitative analysis method for its main constituents， providing a reference for the overall quality control of this preparation. MethodsThe constituents in the formula were systematically characterized based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）. Identification was performed by matching with the UNIFI 9.6 software and utilizing database platforms such as PubChem， ChemicalBook， and ChemSpider， combined with relevant literature reports. A quantitative analysis method for the seven main constituents in Gualou Niubangtang was established by using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. ResultsUPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis identified 155 constituents， including 69 flavonoids， 36 terpenoids， 23 phenylpropanoids， 8 phenylethanoid glycosides， and 19 other types of constituents. In the established quantitative analysis method， the seven main constituents showed good linearity within their respective linear ranges. The precision， repeatability， stability， and spike recovery all met the required standards. The results showed that the content ranges of geniposide， liquiritin， hesperidin， arctiin， baicalin， oroxylin A-7-O-β-D-glucuronide， and wogonoside in 15 batches of Gualou Niubangtang were 13.67-21.25， 1.20-7.64， 5.45-7.45， 22.97-33.51， 29.95-39.07， 2.58-4.80， and 6.56-9.31 mg·g^-1， respectively. ConclusionThis study successfully characterizes and attributes multi-category constituents in Gualou Niubangtang， clarifying that its material basis is primarily composed of flavonoids， terpenoids， phenylethanoid glycosides， and phenylpropanoids. Furthermore， it enables the quantification of seven constituents within the formula. This work lays a foundation for research on the quality control， action mechanism， and clinical application of this formula.

Childhood simple obesity has become a significant public health issue in China. Modern medicine primarily relies on lifestyle interventions and often suffers from poor long-term compliance， while pharmacological options are limited and associated with potential adverse effects. Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM） has a long history in the prevention and management of this condition， demonstrating eight distinct advantages， including systematic theoretical foundation， diversified therapeutic approaches， definite therapeutic efficacy， high safety profile， good patient compliance， comprehensive intervention strategies， emphasis on prevention， and stepwise treatment protocols. Additionally， TCM is characterized by six distinctive features： the use of natural medicinal substances， non-invasive external therapies， integration of medicinal dietetics， simple exercise regimens， precise syndrome differentiation， and diverse dosage forms. By combining internal and external treatments， TCM facilitates individualized regimen adjustment and holistic regulation， demonstrating remarkable effects in improving obesity-related metabolic indicators， regulating constitutional imbalance， and promoting healthy behaviors. However， challenges remain， such as inconsistent operational standards， insufficient high-quality clinical evidence， and a gap between basic research and clinical application. Future efforts should focus on accelerating the standardization of TCM diagnosis and treatment， conducting multicenter randomized controlled trials， and fostering interdisciplinary integration， so as to enhance the scientific validity and international recognition of TCM in the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity.

Ecoflex is a commercial designation for elastomers developed based on the principles of environmental sustainability and flexibility. Various manufacturers offer different types of Ecoflex products with distinct compositions and functions. Among these, the platinum-catalyzed silicone rubber Ecoflex series has demonstrated considerable applicability in various fields of oral medicine due to its excellent flexibility, biocompatibility, stability across a wide temperature range, and tunable mechanical properties. In tissue engineering, it can simulate the mechanical behavior of oral mucosa, and is used in cleft lip surgical training models and preoperative evaluation for temporal bone defect reconstruction. In the field of wearable devices, leveraging its encapsulation protection and flexible characteristics, highly sensitive sensors constructed from Ecoflex can monitor signals such as oral bite force and masticatory muscle activity, thereby aiding in the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders and postoperative evaluation of cleft lip and palate. Moreover, when combined with bio-waste materials, it promotes the functionalization and sustainability of oral wearable devices.In drug delivery systems, its conformability and controlled-release capability address challenges in localized oral drug administration. Designs such as flexible microneedles and temperature-responsive composite systems provide precise solutions for treating periodontitis and oral ulcers. In minimally invasive surgical instruments, its softness enables the development of soft robots and magnetically controlled microfluidic valves, enhancing surgical safety and precision. In the field of oral rehabilitation, Ecoflex soft liner materials, inspired by the suction cup structure of octopus tentacles, improve denture retention. Their low modulus reduces mucosal irritation, ensuring both comfort and durability. Although Ecoflex shows great potential in biomedical applications, it still faces certain challenges, particularly regarding long-term stability after implantation, mechanical fatigue resistance, and microbial colonization, which require further investigation. In the future, with advancements in 3D printing technology, Ecoflex is expected to achieve more precise clinical translation across multiple fields and drive innovation in intelligent biomaterials.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the application effect of morphology driven preparation technique in indirect restoration of posterior teeth. Methods84 patients with dental defects were selected and divided into the control group and the experimental group randomly， with 42 patients in each group （a total of 84 teeth）. Traditional preparation and morphology driven preparation techniques were used to complete dental preparation and adhesive glass ceramic restorations， respectively. The satisfaction， masticatory function， World Dental Federation （FDI） Scores for edge fracture and fixation，edge adaptability index，periodontal bleeding index （BI） and plaque index （PLI） of the two groups of patients were evaluated and various indicator data were recorded and statistically analyzed at 3 and 6 months after restoration completion. ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in satisfaction between the two groups after 3 and 6 months of repair； Both groups of data showed a significant improvement in masticatory function. There was no statistical difference after 3 and 6 months of repair. However， a statistically significant difference in masticatory function was noted after 6 months of repair compared with before and after 3 months of repair. As the repair time increased， the masticatory effect improved significantly. There was no statistically significant difference in the edge fracture and fixation index between the two groups at 3 months after repair， but there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups at 6 months with the experimental group outperforming the control group（P<0.05）. The edge adaptability， BI， and PLI index were statistically significant between the two groups after 3 and 6 months of repair and the experimental group had a significant advantage （P<0.05）. ConclusionBoth types of tooth preparation techniques can improve patient masticatory function and reach high satisfaction after repair. However， morphology driven preparation technique has significant advantages in edge adaptability， edge fracture and fixation index scores and improve periodontal conditions. This technique is an effective method for improving dental preparation in adhesive indirect restoration of posterior teeth.

ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination status of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in commercially available aquatic products in Shanghai and their distribution characteristics among different categories of aquatic products, and to assess the dietary exposure levels and non‑carcinogenic health risks of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg through aquatic product consumption among different age groups, so as to provide a scientific basis for food safety surveillance of aquatic products and dietary risk management for residents in Shanghai. MethodsFrom October to November 2021, a total of 90 aquatic product samples, including marine fish, freshwater fish, freshwater shrimp, marine crab, freshwater crab, and mollusks, were randomly collected from 16 districts of Shanghai. Sample pretreatment was performed according to GB 5009.268‒2016 (National Food Safety Standard—Determination of Multi‑elements in Foods). The concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb in aquatic products were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‑MS), and Hg was determined by direct mercury analyzer. Inorganic arsenic (iAs) was estimated as 3.5% of total As according to the method recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The contamination levels of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in aquatic products were evaluated according to GB 2762‒2017 (National Food Safety Standard—Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods). A combined approach of point assessment and probabilistic assessment was applied to estimate the estimated daily intake (EDI) and non‑carcinogenic risk indicators—hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI)—for different age groups. ResultsThe detection rates of As and Hg were both 100.00% in all samples, while those of Cd and Pb were 74.44% and 25.56%, respectively. The arithmetic means (wet weight) of the four elements and estimated iAs were: As (1.432 9±3.736 5) mg·kg^-1, iAs (0.050 2±0.130 8) mg·kg^-1, Cd (0.082 5±0.197 8) mg·kg^-1, Pb (0.006 1±0.005 5) mg·kg^-1, and Hg (0.021 9±0.016 7) mg·kg^-1. According to the relevant maximum residue limits, 2 out of 7 mollusk samples (28.57%) and 3 out of 20 marine fish samples (15.00%) exceeded the limit for iAs, and 2 out of 8 marine crab samples (25.00%) exceeded the limit for Cd. The estimated daily intake (EDI, μg·kg^-1·d^-1, by body weight) of iAs, Cd, Pb, and Hg via aquatic product consumption varied among different age groups, with the highest levels observed in children aged 3‒4 years, decreasing gradually with age to the lowest level at 12 ‒ <15 years, with a slight rebound thereafter. The point assessment results showed that the HQs of iAs, Cd, Pb, and Hg ranged from 0 to 0.25, and the cumulative HI ranged from 0.27 to 0.48, all below 1, indicating a relatively low overall risk. The probabilistic assessment results revealed that under the high‑exposure scenario (P_97.5), the HQs of iAs (1.101‒1.281) and Cd (1.175‒1.366) exceeded 1 in children aged 3‒9 years, suggesting potential health risks, while the HQs of Pb and Hg were all below 1, indicating relatively lower risks. ConclusionHg and As are ubiquitously detected in commercially available aquatic products in Shanghai, while the detection rates of Cd and Pb are relatively low. The overall non-carcinogenic risk is at an acceptable level, but children aged 3‒9 years may have potential health risks from iAs and Cd under high-percentile exposure levels. It is recommended to strengthen the monitoring of toxic elements in key aquatic products such as marine fish, mollusks, and marine crabs, and to implement targeted dietary risk management measures for sensitive populations, including children.

Yuejuwan is a classic formula widely used by doctors to relieve liver and depression， with precise clinical efficacy in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. The authors used bibliometric methods to collect and collate 495 ancient data related to Yuejuwan， and 105 valid data were screened out， involving 68 ancient Chinese medical books. After systematic verification of the origin of the formula of Yuejuwan， the main treatment symptoms， the principle of the formula， the composition of the drug， the dosage， the preparation method， the decoction method， and other information， the results showed that Yuejuwan originated from the Danxi Xinfa （《丹溪心法》） of the Yuan Dynasty by ZHU Zhenheng， and it is composed of five medicines， namely Atractylodis Rhizoma， Cyperi Rhizom， Chuanxiong Rhizoma， Massa Medicata Fermentata， and Gardeniae Fructus. In terms of drug base， Atractylodis Rhizoma， Cyperi Rhizom， Chuanxiong Rhizoma， and Gardeniae Fructus are in line with the records in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， and Massa Medicata Fermentata is used. The preparation method is as follows： Massa Medicata Fermentata and Gardeniae Fructus are fried， and Cyperi Rhizoma is roasted in vinegar. Chuanxiong Rhizoma is used in the raw form， and Atractylodis Rhizoma is prepared with rice swill. The formula can regulate Qi and relieve depression and broaden the middle and remove fullness. It is clinically used for the treatment of six types of depression syndromes， chest and diaphragm plumpness， abdominal distension and leg acid， acid swallowing and vomiting， eating and drinking disharmony， toothache， mouth and tongue sores， and other diseases. The most used dosage of the formula in the ancient records through the ages is converted into the modern dosage， namely 3.05 g Atractylodis Rhizoma， 3.05 g Cyperi Rhizoma， 3.05 g Chuanxiong Rhizoma， 3.05 g Massa Medicata Fermentata， and 3.05 g Gardeniae Fructus， and the daily dosage is 15.25 g. The converted dosage is similar to that recorded in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The formula is in pill form， and medicine should be taken with lukewarm boiled water after the meal. Through the excavation of the ancient literature related to Yuejuwan， the key information of the formula is identified， with a view to providing a more accurate reference for the clinical application of Yuejuwan and subsequent in-depth investigation.

Yuejuwan is a classic formula widely used by doctors to relieve liver and depression， with precise clinical efficacy in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. The authors used bibliometric methods to collect and collate 495 ancient data related to Yuejuwan， and 105 valid data were screened out， involving 68 ancient Chinese medical books. After systematic verification of the origin of the formula of Yuejuwan， the main treatment symptoms， the principle of the formula， the composition of the drug， the dosage， the preparation method， the decoction method， and other information， the results showed that Yuejuwan originated from the Danxi Xinfa （《丹溪心法》） of the Yuan Dynasty by ZHU Zhenheng， and it is composed of five medicines， namely Atractylodis Rhizoma， Cyperi Rhizom， Chuanxiong Rhizoma， Massa Medicata Fermentata， and Gardeniae Fructus. In terms of drug base， Atractylodis Rhizoma， Cyperi Rhizom， Chuanxiong Rhizoma， and Gardeniae Fructus are in line with the records in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， and Massa Medicata Fermentata is used. The preparation method is as follows： Massa Medicata Fermentata and Gardeniae Fructus are fried， and Cyperi Rhizoma is roasted in vinegar. Chuanxiong Rhizoma is used in the raw form， and Atractylodis Rhizoma is prepared with rice swill. The formula can regulate Qi and relieve depression and broaden the middle and remove fullness. It is clinically used for the treatment of six types of depression syndromes， chest and diaphragm plumpness， abdominal distension and leg acid， acid swallowing and vomiting， eating and drinking disharmony， toothache， mouth and tongue sores， and other diseases. The most used dosage of the formula in the ancient records through the ages is converted into the modern dosage， namely 3.05 g Atractylodis Rhizoma， 3.05 g Cyperi Rhizoma， 3.05 g Chuanxiong Rhizoma， 3.05 g Massa Medicata Fermentata， and 3.05 g Gardeniae Fructus， and the daily dosage is 15.25 g. The converted dosage is similar to that recorded in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The formula is in pill form， and medicine should be taken with lukewarm boiled water after the meal. Through the excavation of the ancient literature related to Yuejuwan， the key information of the formula is identified， with a view to providing a more accurate reference for the clinical application of Yuejuwan and subsequent in-depth investigation.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is ubiquitous in the food and feed fields. It has strong hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, seriously threatening the health of humans and animals. Enzymatic degradation of mycotoxins is considered to be a promising method to control mycotoxin contaminations. In this study, a new ochratoxin A amidohydrolase from Microbulbifer thermotolerans (MiADH) was obtained. After heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and purification, the recombinant protein was studied regarding the hydrolysis activity, hydrolysis products, enzymatic properties, and substrate binding mode. MiADH can degrade OTA into ochratoxin α (OTα) and phenylalanine, demonstrating a detoxifying ability. It demonstrated the best performance at 70 ℃ and pH 8.0, and Cu²⁺ had the strongest inhibitory effect on the activity of MiADH. MiADH with good thermal stability exhibited huge potential for industrial application. Rational design guided by three-dimensional structural models and substrate docking analysis revealed the important amino acids affecting substrate binding and obtained multiple mutants with improved activity. Among these mutants, V324A had the highest activity, which was 4.2-fold that of the wild type. The identification of MiADH enriches the ochratoxin A degradation enzyme library and provides a new candidate enzyme for the biological detoxification of ochratoxin A in the food and feed industry.
Amidohydrolases/chemistry* ; Ochratoxins/metabolism* ; Substrate Specificity ; Escherichia coli/metabolism* ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism* ; Actinomycetales/genetics*

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of Dengue virus (DENV) infection among voluntary blood donors in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, and to evaluate the necessity of implementing nucleic acid testing (NAT) for blood donors during the rainy season (May-October). Methods: Prior to initiating donor screening, the Xishuangbanna Central Blood Center conducted in-house validation of reagent performance and participated in external quality assessment (EQA) organized by the National Center for Clinical Laboratories (NCCL). During the surveillance period (August-October 2024), a total of 2 919 donor samples were screened using a 6-sample mini-pool NAT strategy. Daily internal quality controls were recorded. Samples that tested positive in pooled screening were deconvoluted and retested in duplicate; only those reactive in both replicate wells were sent to the NCCL for confirmatory testing. At NCCL, samples underwent re-testing using five domestic NAT reagents, as well as serological assays for NS1 antigen and DENV-specific IgG/IgM. Confirmed positive samples were further characterized by serotyping, envelope (E) gene sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis using the maximum likelihood method. Results: The DENV NAT reagent demonstrated consistent detection of 40 copies/mL controls in individual donor (ID)-NAT test (mean CT: 35.61±0.40). During the 63-day quality control monitoring, DENV detection remained stable (mean CT: 22.53±0.72). The center achieved full marks in EQA assessments for 2023 and 2024. Three reactive pools were identified in initial screening, and subsequent individual testing confirmed three DENV RNA-positive donors (sample numbers: 2401, 2402, and 2403). The confirmatory test results from NCCL were: all five NAT platforms consistently detected DENV RNA in the three samples; for serological tests, 2 samples (2402, 2403) were positive for NS1 antigen, while all three samples were negative for both IgG and IgM antibodies. DENV serotyping reagents identified DENV-2 in all cases, which were further confirmed as DENV-2 Genotype Ⅱ-Cosmopolitan by E gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that samples 2401 and 2402 clustered with Southeast Asian strains (Thailand/MZ636802.1, Laos/PQ775621.1), while sample 2403 closely matched a previously reported local Yunnan strain (PV544686.1). Conclusion: DENV-2 infection was detected among blood donors in Xishuangbanna during the rainy season, indicating concurrent risks of imported and local transmission. We recommend implementing pooled NAT screening for blood donors in high-risk areas during dengue epidemic seasons, along with strengthened laboratory quality control, to enhance blood safety.