As one of the essential non-motor symptoms in Parkinson′s disease（PD）, apathy is associated with both motor symptoms and other non-motor symptoms and contributes significantly to the prognosis of PD. Apathy is thought to be related to dopaminergic dysfunction in prefrontal-basal ganglia circuits. However, its precise neural bases remain unclear. Many neuroimaging studies using different analyses have been conducted to study the underlying neural mechanisms of apathy in PD. This review will describe the current understanding of the structural and functional changes associated with apathy in PD patients.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of nerve injury and incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS)indiabeticpatientsbymeasuringthenerveconductionvelocity(NCV). Methods Atotalof387 inpatients with type 2 diabetes were selected in Kaifeng Central Hospital from July 1, 2011 to October 1, 2014. The abnormal rates of NCV between left and right or male and female for the same name nerve were compared. The examinations to median nerves were paid particular attention and the segmental test was performed. Results Among 387 patients, 333 cases showed abnormal NCV, and 162 patients (41. 9%) presented with CTS. The incidence of sensory nerve injury was higher than that of motor nerve injury. The nerve injury often occurred in the dominant hand, but the injury of bilateral hand were also found in some patients. In 162 patients with CTS, 91 patients presented with clinical manifestations and signs, and the rest were without discomfort in their hands. The percentages of SCV(34. 1%vs 25. 6%, P=0. 012) and MCV (40. 3% vs 29. 5%, P=0. 020) abnormality in the right median nerve were higher than those in the left side. No significant difference of the other nerves was found between left and right. Significant differences in the percentages of abnormality in SCV of the left median nerve (21. 4%vs 30. 5%, P=0. 047) and the right median nerve (28. 6%vs 40. 1%, P=0. 013) between man and woman were found. The abnormal rates of other nerves were without statistically significant between man and women. Conclusions The incidence of CTS is high in diabetic patients. Usually, it firstly occurs in sensory nerves, followed by motor nerves, especially in the dominant hand.

AIM: To study the difference in glucose and lactate levels between brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and plasma in rabbits in the different blood glucose levels. METHODS: Using intracerebral microdialysis technology, brain ECF levels of glucose and lactate were measured in every 10 min under basal conditions and during a hyperglycemia-hypoglycemia clamp study. RESULTS: Under basal condition, brain ECF glucose levels were markedly lower than ambient plasma levels (30% of plasma), whereas ECF lactate levels were substantially higher (165% of plasma). During the hyperglycemia-hypoglycemia clamps, the relationship between plasma and ECF levels of glucose remained similar, but changes in ECF glucose lagged about 30 min. There were no substantially changes in ECF levels of lactate during dynamical study. CONCLUSION: There are striking differences in glucose and lactate levels between brain ECF and plasma. Lactate may involve in the metabolic process of central nervous system.

Purpose To investigate the influence of paraquat on substantial nigra and doparine levels ofstriatum in C57BL mice. Methods 39 neonatal C57BL mice were randomly divided into 5 groups andwere given paraquat or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra-hydropyridine(MPTP) orally in 10 th and 11 thdays odl; ( 1 ) MPTP 0.3 mg/kg, n = 8; (2) MPTP 20 mg/kg, n = 8; (3) paraquat 0.07 mg/kg, n = 8; ( 4 )paraquat 0.36 mg/kg, n = 8; (5) normal saline, n = 7. Adult spontaneous motor activity was observed atages of 120 days, then the mice were decapitated and the contents of dopamine(DA), serotonin(5-HT), andtheir metabolites in striatum were analyzed. Meanwhile, the dopamine neuons at the mesencephalon vereobserved by the method of ABC immunohistochemistry. Results Mice given Paraquat 0.36 mg/kg andMPTP 20 rng/kg showed a marked bypoactive behavior and reduced the striatal contents of DA andmetabolites without affecting 5-HT. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the amount of dopamineneurons at the midbrain decreased. Conclusions C57BL mice exposed to great amount of paraquat duringthe neonatal period could yield the alterations of behavior and some pathological and biochemical changessimilar to parkinson disease.

Objective To study the effects of tyrosine kinase receptor B-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (TrkB-BDNF) signal pathway on the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases-9(MMP-9) of neuroblastoma.Methods We used all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to induce the high expression of TrkB in the SH-SY5Y cell line,and then added the ectogenid BDNF to activate the TrkB-BDNF and its three downstream signal pathways.TrkB-BDNF signal pathway was inhibited by specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a.The three downstream signal pathway was respectively inhibited by LY294002 (the phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase (PI3 K) pathway inhibitor)、U73122 (the phospholipase C pathway inhibitor) 、U0126(the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor).Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the concentration of VEGF and MMP-9 protein in the SY5Y cell culture supernatants.Results VEGF [(485.89 ± 109.99) pg/ml] and MMP-9 [(15.73 ± 1.72) pg/ml] protein levels in neuroblastoma cells cultured in serum-free media in the group of ATRA + BDNF were significantly higher than that of the control group and ATRA alone group(P ＜0.05).VEGF [(272.42 ±86.33) pg/ml]and MMP-9 [(5.25 ± 1.44) pg/ml] protein levels in the group of ATRA + BDNF + K252a were significantly lower than those of the ATRA + BDNF group(P ＜ 0.05) and had no significant difference compared with the control group and the ATRA alone group(P ＞0.05).VEGF [(314.12 ±24.68) pg/ml] and MMP-9 [(4.91 ± 1.08) pg/ml] protein levels in the group of ATRA + BDNF + LY294002 were significantly lower than those of the ATRA + BDNF group(P ＜ 0.05) and had no significant difference compared with the control group and the ATRA alone group(P ＞0.05).VEGF [(444.08 ±64.49) pg/ml] and MMP-9 [(13.28 ±3.38) pg/ml] protein levels in neuroblastoma cells cultured in serum-free media in the group of ATRA +BDNF + U73122 had no significant difference compared with the ATRA + BDNF group(P ＞ 0.05).VEGF [(429.97 ± 19.95) pg/ml] and MMP-9 [(13.96 ± 4.45) pg/ml] protein levels in neuroblastoma cells cultured in serum-free media in the group of ATRA + BDNF + U0126 had no significant difference compared with the ATRA + BDNF group(P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Activation of TrkB-BDNF signal pathway can increase the synthesis and secretion of VEGF and MMP-9 in human neuroblastoma cells.TrkB-BDNF signal pathway may be through activating its downstream PI3K pathway to increase the synthesis and secretion of VEGF and MMP-9 in human neuroblastoma cells.The synthesis and secretion of VEGF and MMP-9 can be inhibited by blocking the TrkB-BDNF signal pathway with K252a or blocking its downstream signal pathway PI3 K with LY294002.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the curative effect and safety of dexamethasone for severe asthma and severe sepsis systematically. METHODS:Randomized controlled trials about dexamethasone for severe asthma and severe sepsis were retrieved from database,such as Cochrane library(1996～2007),PubMed(1966～2007),EMCC(1995～2007),CHKD(1994～2007)and pertinent literatures. The qualities of included studies were evaluated and extracted data were analyzed by Meta-analysis respectively. RESULTS:11 trials containing 1 435 cases were up to included standard. Therapy results of severe asthma:(1)in remission rate of the total symptom,difference between dexamethasone and prednisone was not statistically significant [OR 1.44,95%CI(0.75, 2.75);P=0.27];(2)In the incidence rate of ADR,dexamethasone was lower than prednisone [OR 0.13,95%CI(0.04,0.44);P= 0.001];(3)In the recurrence rate,no statistical significance was noted in difference between dexamethasone and prednisone [OR 0.58,95%CI(0.25,1.31);P=0.19]. Therapy results of severe sepsis:(1)In the mortality,difference between dexamethasone and placebo was not statistically significant [OR 0.85,95%CI(0.41,1.78);P=0.67];(2)In the incidence rate of ADR,no statistical significance was noted in difference between hydrocortisone and placebo [OR 1.05,95%CI(0.51,2.19);P=0.89]. CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone is similar to prednisone in the treatment of severe asthma but better than prednisone in drug safety. The safety of dexamethasone is similar to placebo in the treatment of severe sepsis.

BACKGROUND:Pedicle is the strongest bone structure for the connection between vertebrae and lamina, and the screw fixation through pedicle can provide reliable mechanical basis for the reconstruction of spinal stabilization.
OBJECTIVE:To analyzed the three-dimensional analogue measurement parameters of lumbar pedicle, in order to improve the accuracy and stability of the clinical application of pedicle screw fixation.
METHODS:The original CT data of the spine (L 1-L 5 ) related diseases patients who treated with pedicle screw were analyzed, and the three-dimensional multiplanar reconstruction imaging model was established with Mimics software. By the using of the Mimics software, the lumbar three-dimensional construction was conducted, and the screw length, diameter, transverse section angle and sagittal section angle were predicted, and then statistical y compared with the actual data of the patient postoperative.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Case analysis showed that the position and the length of the screw were good without screw offset and fracture after internal fixation. There were no significant differences in the screw length, diameter, transverse section angle and sagittal section angle between the preoperative predicted parameters and the actual parameter after fixation (P>0.05), while the sagittal section angle of partial segments were smal er than the actual measure value (P<0.05). The lumbar three-dimensional reconstruction and simulation of pedicle screws placement through Mimics software can precisely guide the actual screw placement and improve the safety of pedicle screws placement.

OBJECTIVETo investigate clinical characteristics and pathological changes of tissue surrounding prosthesis after hip and knee arthroplasty.

METHODSA total of 67 patients receiving hip and knee arthroplasty were included in the study and pathological changes of the revision specimens were evaluated by microscopic examination.

RESULTSOf 67 patients, there were 25 males and 42 females (ratio of 0.6) with a mean age of 64 years. There were 42 cases of revision hip prosthesis and 25 cases of knee prosthesis. The primary causes for the revision varied, including 20 cases of infection (29.9%, within 3 months in 9 cases,3 to 24 months in 3 cases and over 24 months in 8 cases), 14 cases of pain (20.9%), 13 cases of loosening of the prosthesis (19:4%), 9 cases of joint stiffness (13.4%), 8 cases of prosthetic dislocation (11.9%), and 3 cases of prosthesis fracture (4.5%). Pathological findings in the tissue surrounding the prostheses included debris reaction, histiocytes, acute inflammatory, chronic non-specific inflammation, pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), "pseudomembranous", calcification, necrosis, sequestrum, etc. These histological changes were frequently admixed.

CONCLUSIONSVarious reasons may lead to hip and knee revision arthroplasty. The main pathological findings include infection, debris granulomas, chronic non-specific inflammatory changes, PVNS. The surgical pathology of the prosthesis provids guidances for clinical treatment and basic research.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Female ; Hip Joint ; pathology ; Humans ; Knee Joint ; pathology ; Knee Prosthesis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Reoperation ; Synovitis, Pigmented Villonodular ; pathology

Objective To explore the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) concentration and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence in HCC patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Methods 148 HCC patients associated with HBV infection undergoing OLT were enrolled in the study.Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method.Cox multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the parameters predicting HCC recurrence. Results Survival rates at 1,3 and 5 years were 86%,72% and 72%,respectively,and disease-free survival rate were 79%,71% and 54%,respectively.In this series 43 patients suffered from HCC recurrence.The recurrence rate was 29.1%(43/148),with the mean recurrence time being (13.16 ± 14.17) months (1 ～ 54 months).Exceeding Milan criteria (HR = 9.89; 95% CI 2.30 ～ 42.52; P = 0.002) and pretransplant HBV DNA level ＞ 5log10copies/ml (HR = 2.26; 95% CI 1.01 ～ 5.04; P = 0.047) were significant independent predictors for posttransplant HCC recurrence. Conclusion High HBV DNA load before transplantation is statistically associated with recurrence of HCC after liver transplantation.

Objective To investigate the effects of previous open nephrolithotomy on the technical features, outcomes and morbidities of subsequent percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Methods Ninety-eight patients who underwent PCNL from January 2006 to January 2011 were selected in this study. The 34 patients of them who had previous open nephrolithotomy on the same kidney were assigned as group A, and the other 64 patients who had no previous open surgery as group B. The data of operation time, blood transfusion quantity, residual stones rate, hospitalization time and time of tube evulsion were collected and compared between the two groups. Results There were no significant differences between the group A and B with respect to the mean operative time [(84.0±24.6) min vs. (94.0±22.7) min, t=1.372, P=0.177], hospitalization time [(6.5±1.1)days vs. (6.3±1.8)days, t=0.49, P=0.261], blood transfusion quantity [(82.9±10.6) ml vs. (85.0±11.8) ml, t=0.415, P=0.682], kidney and colostomy channels [single channel(70.6% vs. 75.0%), double channel (29.4% vs. 25.0%), χ2 =0.22, P=0.638] and residual stones rate (5% vs. 3%,χ2=0.42, P=0.282). Conclusions When PCNL is performed after previous open nephrolithotomy, there is no difference in success rate and morbidities.