Peroxisome prolifreator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors, members of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARs play critical roles in growth, proliferation and apoptosis of variety of cells. Recently, PPAR ligands have been reported to ameliorate neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheim- ers disease, Parkinsons disease,cerebral ischemia and multiple sclerosis. PPAR agonists may have potential values in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we reviewed recent findings on PPARs′ neuroprotective actions and their underlying mechanisms.

Aim To observe the effects of Xiatianwu tota l alkaloids ( XA ) on learning and memory impairment and the central cholinergic f unction in rats with quinolinic acid microinjected into bilateral hippocampus. Methods Alzheimers disease (AD) rat models were made by damagin g bilateral hippocampus with quinolinic acid (150 nmol in 2 ?l for each hippoca mpus). XA 0.25, 0.5, 1 mg?kg -1 was administrated ig from 1 week before model established to 3 weeks after model established. Y-maze was used to measur e the learning and memory ability. The activity of the acetylcholinesterase ( AC hE ) in hippocampus and the contents of acetylcholine ( ACh ) was determined by spectrophotometry. Results Microinjection of quinolinic acid in to the rats hippocampus induced learning and memory dysfunction (P

Objective To compare the transfection efficiency of cationic polyethylenimine(PEI)with Lipofectamine 2000TM by using the plasmid DNA encoding vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF165 )gene in human embryonic kidney cell line 293T.Methods PEI of different N/P ratio and Lipofectamine 2000TM were used to deliver the vector containing VEGF165 to 293T cells,respectively.Green fluorescent protein(GFP)gene was inserted into the vector as a report gene.Evaluation of cytoactive was performed by CCK-8 assay 24 h after transfection.The cells were observed by fluorescent microscope and the presence of VEGF165 in cell supernatant was detected by ELISA 48 h after transfection.The transfection efficiency was calculated and com-pared.Results Similar cytoactive and best transfection efficiency could be obtained when N/P ratio was 9,the transfection efficien-cy was around 70%.Furthermore,the presence of VEGF165 increased significantly after transfection(P <0.05),but there was no significant difference between the two groups in which different transfection methods were adopted.Conclusion PEI as a novel oli-gofectamine reagent could mediate more efficient transfection compared with lipofectamine.It also has low cell-toxicity and low price and could be an ideal vector in gene delivery technology.

Objective To find out a relatively accurate teenagers' age estimation method.Method 233 cases were collected with emphasis to their type of crime, the intervals from commitment of the crime to age assessment, and the differences between self - reported and appraised age. By regression equation (method 1), CHN evaluation (method 2) and comprehensive method designed by the authors (method 3), 130 male teenagers whose osteophiph-ysis hadn' t been closed were compared and analyzed, statistically andyzed by Chi square test. Results The analysis showed : (1) 72.10% cases were of plundering and robbing type. (2) The intervals from commitment of the crime to age assessment in 75.10% cases were less than six months. (3) Self- reported ages in 60.73% cases were less than appraised age. (4) The accordance rate between method 1, method 2 to method 3 was 90.77% and 83.08% respectively. Conclusion The age estimation on living body should be performed as soon as possible after commitment of the case, and method 1 seems to be more accurate than method 2 in estimating 18 years-old person,and the method designed by us should be better than the other two.

Objective To explore the indicators change of early renal injury in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its clinical significance.Methods Ninety cases of COPD including 45 cases with stable period of COPD,45 cases with acute exacerbation of COPD who received treatment in Baoshan Branch of Shanghai General Hospital from January 2014 to December 2014 were enrolled in this study.Meanwhile 45 cases of healthy subjects were collected as the control group.According to the extent of hypoxia,the COPD patients were divided into mild subgroups (60mmHg

Objective To study the effects of Fasudil on expression of Nogo-A and NF200 in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD) rats.Methods One hundred and twenty 7-day-old Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups with random number table:Sham operation group (n =40),HIBD group (n =40) and Fasudil group (n =40).Sham group only separated from the common carotid artery,without ligation,direct suture the incision does not do hypoxia; HIBD group were injected with saline; Fasudil group was injected with fasudil(10 mg/kg).The rats were killed at 6 h,12 h,24 h,72 h,7 d,after administration.The pathological changes were observed by means of HE.The expression of Nogo-A and NF200 was studied with immunohistochemical staining.Results 1.Naked eye observation:Sham group bilateral symmetrical cerebral hemispheres; HIBD group of brain edema aggravated,the visible hemisphere focal necrosis; fasudil treatment group of edema than HIBD group ease.2.HE stain:the structure and shape of brain in Sham operation group were normal.In HIBD group,the cells became edema,karyopyknosis,lyse,and the inflammatory cells became more.The number of edema cells and karyopyknosis decreased in Fasudil group.3.Immunohistochemical stain:there were less expressions of Nogo-A in Sham operation group.It increased slightly after 12 h in HIBD group but decreased later.The expression of Nogo-A in Fasudil group was less than the other two groups at any time except 6 h (P ＜0.01).There was more expression in HIBD and Fasudil group compared with Sham operation group(P ＜0.01).NF200 was less expression in Sham operation group.NF200 appeared after 6 h and became less after 12 h.The expression of NF200 was at 24 h and later became more.The expression of NF200 in Fasudil group was more with HIBD group at each different time (P ＜ 0.01).The expressions of NF200 in Fasudil and HIBD group were more compared with Sham operation group.Conclusions Fasudil can rehabilitate the damaged axon and promote nerve regeneration through controlling the Rho/Rock and make the expression of NF200 increase.

Objective To explore the relationship between tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?)level in the serum of maternal women with intrauterine infection of Toxoplasma gondii and absortion.Methods An examination was carried out on TNF-? in maternal sera and DNA of Toxoplasma gondii in the cervical secretions,and the aborted tissues of the abortion group,and the cervical secretions of the control group by ELISA and PCR,respectively.Results The TNF-? levels increased in the sera of women with intrauterine infection of Toxoplasma before abortion as compared with those of the control group and those of themselves after abortions.There were high TNF-? levels in the sera of prognostication abortion women with Toxoplasma infection before the anti-Toxoplasma treatment as compared with those of the control group and those of themselves after the treatment with azithromycin.Conclusion The results suggest that Toxoplasma gondii infection is an important factor to increase the TNF-? level in maternal serum.