0.05).While the expression of C-erbB-2 rather than ER and PR was correlated to lymph node metastasis(P

Leydig cells derived from a SD rat aged one month were transplanted to the hind leg subcutaneous of a 2 week-castrated outbred rat. At 1, 3, 4, 6 months after implantation, the grafts were removed and taken to have a histochemical staining for 3?-hydroxygsteroid dehydrogenase (3b-HSD), light and electron microscopy. The results indicated that there were a lots of 3b-HSD positive leying cells in the grafts. The well revascularized and no lymphocytic infiltration were seen around the implanted cells with 4 months after transplantation. Electron microscopy displayed that the implanted cells had abundant mitochondria and smooth endoplasm reticulum, suggesting that the implanted ceils could survive and had better secretary testosterone function for 4 months.

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ(PPARγ)in bladder urothelial cancer tissues.Methods Parafflin‐embeded specimen of bladder urothelial cancer tissues from 50 cases and normal tissues near the bladder urothelial cancer from 5 cases were harvested from the Pathology Department of the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University between 2006 and 2009.Those cases had complete pathological and clinical data.The ex‐pression of PPARγ was detected by immunohistochemical SP method.Quantitative analysis of the PPARγ was measured by high definition pathological graphics context report system (HPIAS‐1000).One‐way analysis of variance and SNK (q)tests were used to analyze the mean density and the positive area rate of the immunohistochemical results.All data were processed by SPSS 13.0.Results The expression of PPARγwas significantly higher in bladder urothelial cancer tissues than in para‐carcinoma tis‐sues(P<0.05).Correlation between expression of PPARγ with TNM stag of bladder urothelial cancer was as follows :Positive rate of PPARγin the tissues with primary tumor size ≥3 cm was 72.4% ,significantly higher than 33.3% in the tissues with tumor size <3 cm(P<0.05);positive rate of PPARγin the cases with lymph node metastasis was 72.7% ,significantly higher than 46.4% in the cases without lymph node metastasis(P<0.05);positive rate of PPARγin patients at stage T3‐4 group was 75.0% ,significantly higher than 41.9% and 45.5% in patients at clinical stage T1 and T2(P<0.05);positive rate of PPARγin patients with poor differentiation was 68.2% ,significantly higher than 42.9% in patients with high or middle differentiation group(P<0.05).Conclusion PPARγ plays an important regulating role in the onset and progress of bladder urothelial cancer ;PPARγexpression level was correlated with primary tumor size ,pathological types and differentiation degree ,lymph node me‐tastasis and clinical stage.This result suggested that PPARγ was closely correlated to metastasis of bladder urothelial cancer.

Aim Organotin compounds are important organometallic chemicals with a variety of technical applications.Of these compounds,the trialkyltins,especially tributyltin,triphenyltin and trimethyltin,have been proved to have the distinct ability to induce tumor cell apoptosis and significant antitumor activity.They can induce tumor cell apoptosis through Fas receptor,mitochondrial,Ca 2+,MAPKs,p53,NF-?B and caspase/p38/ROS pathway.This paper reviewed recent progress in the studies on signal transduction in tumor cell apoptosis induced by trialkyltin compounds.

Objective To explore the value of MR spectroscopy in preoperative grading of astrocytic tumors.Methods 52 cases with astrocytomas proved by pathology,including 20 diffuse astrocytomas,14 anaplastic astrocytomas and 18 glioblastomas,underwent MR spectroscopy with multi-voxel PRESS sequence.Results ①Astrocytic tumors were characterized by increased Cho and decreased NAA,while Lipids were present in high-grade astrocytic tumors;②Cho/Cr(r＝0.656,P=0.000),Lip1.3/Cr(r＝0.559,P=0.001) and Glx/Cr(r＝0.482,P=0.005) in the solitary tumor's regions had a significant positive correlation with the grading of astrocytic tumors, while Cho/NAA(r＝0.395,P=0.025),Lip0.9/Cr(r＝0.386,P=0.029) had a positive correlation with the tmor grading;③When Cho/Cr＝2, the sensitivity, specificity,positive predictive value and negative predictive value for diagnosis of WHO4 astrocytic tumors were 94.4%,64.3%,77.3% and 90% respectively;④When Lip1.3/Cr＝0.526, the sensitivity, specificity,positive predictive value and negative predictive value for diagnosis of WHO4 astrocytic tumors were 88.9%,92.9%,94.1% and 86.7% respectively. Conclusion MR spectroscopy is helpful in preoperative grading of astrocytic tumors.

Objective To explore the underlying clinical factors and precautionary measures of fluid extravasation in patients with calyceal calculi treated by ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy.Methods A retrospective review was made on clinical records of 138 patients with calyceal calculi receiving retrograde ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy from May 2005 to March 2009. The relevance was studied between the occurance of fluid extravasation complications and various clinical factors using x2 test and binary Logistic regression. The clinical factors included patients' sexes, age groups (＜30 years, 30-50 years, ＞50 years), history of treatment (ESWL or open surgery) for upper urinary tract calculi, preoperative upper urinary tract infection, intraoperative placement of ureteral catheter and the length of procedure duration (＜ 50 min, 50-80 min, ＞ 80 min). Results Fluid extravasation complications occurred in 24 patients. The sexes and age groups were irrelevant to the occurance of fluid extravasation complications; while history of ESWL or open surgery and preoperative infection in upper urinary tract, without intraoperative ureteral catheter placement and long duration of procedure were responsible for the higher rates of the fluid extravasation complications.Conclusion Reasonable selection of patients and timing of operation, regular intraoperative ureteral catheter placement and control the length of procedure duration help to reduce fluid extravasation during retrograde ureteroscopic lithotripsy.

Objective To investigate the relationship between K+ concentration in rabbit vitreous humor and postmortem interval (PMI) under different ambient temperature. Methods Rabbit corpses were stored at 5℃ , 15℃ , 25℃ , and 35℃ after execution, and 80~100μL vitreous humor was extracted from each eye of the rabbit in turn every 12 hours. The concentrations of K+ were examined by Modular DPPI automatic biochemistry analyzer. The Interpolation Functions were used to analyze the statistical relationship between PMI and K+ concentration under different temperature. Results In each animal group, K+ concentration increased with PMI. Equation was obtained after interpolation analysis on range of temperature 5℃ ~30℃ . The three-variable quintic surface equation was f(x,y)=-1.998e14+1.345e12x+5.902e13y+0.005585x2-4.509e11xy-3.876e12y2-0.0002868x3+0.003545x2y+4.406e10xy2-1.746e10y3+2.669e-6x4-1.568e-5x3y-0.0001771x2y2-1.64e9xy3+6.669e9y4-8.672e-9x5+4.467e-8x4y+2.354e-7x3y2+2.459e-6x2y3+2.05e7xy4-1.214e8y5(R2=0.9956), x stands for temperature, y stands for K+ concentration, f(x,y) stands for PMI. Conclusion The rule of K+ concentration changes at ambient temperature complied with three-variable quintic surface equation distribution. Measurement of interpolation function may be used for PMI estimation at different ambient temperature.

Objective To compare the efficacy and complications of percutaneous nephroscope decortication of cystic renal disease with transureteroscopic decompression of cystic renal disease.Methods Retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 42 simple renal cyst cases,who under treatment of surgical in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from Sep.2010 to Sep.2014 via percutaneous nephrolithotomy as well as ureteroscope.There were 21 patients in each group.Comparisons were made between the two groups on operation time,peripheral tissue injury,blood loss,postoperative infection,hospitalzation time.Postoperative recurrence were followed up.Results For the percutaneous nephroscope decortication of cystic renal disease group and transureteroscopic decompression of cystic renal disease group,the operation time were (38.43 ± 9.76) minutes,(28.95 ± 8.67) minutes,the number of tissue injury were 8,6;the blood loss were (28.62 ± 9.82) mL,(23.48 ± 7.65) mL;the number of postoperative infection was 4,10;the postoperative recurrence were 2,5;the hospitalzation time were 2 days and 8 days.Compared with the transureteroscopic decompression group,the percutaneous nephroscope decortication group had a less postoperative infection and fewer postoperative recurrence (P ＜ 0.05).But the operation time was longer in the percutaneous nephroscope decortication group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The therapeutic effect of percutaneous nephroscope decortication is much better than that of transureteroscopic decompression,but also has a little disadvantage.

AIM: To investigate whether glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) regulates apoptosis-related gene bcl-2 expression via MEK/ERK signaling pathway , thus enhancing drug resistance of K 562/A02 human leukemia multidrug resistant cell line.METHODS:siRNA targeting GCS was transfected into K562/A02 cells.Bcl-2, p-ERK and total ERK expression at mRNA and protein levels after GCS knockdown were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting .After exposed to MEK-ERK pathway inhibitor U0126, the expression of Bcl-2 at mRNA and protein levels also was analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blotting , respectively.The viability of the cells was evaluated by CCK-8 assay.RESULTS:The expression of GCS and Bcl-2, as well as MEK/ERK signaling were significantly inhibited in K 562/A02 cells by GCS siRNA transfection compared with negative control group .Inactivation of MEK/ERK signaling due to U0126 treatment de-creased Bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner , and sensitized K562/A02 cells to adriamy-cin.CONCLUSION:GCS may affect the expression of apoptosis-related gene bcl-2 by MEK/ERK signaling pathway , thus regulating multidrug resistance of human leukemia K 562/A02 cells.

Objective To compare the therapeutic effect of retrograde ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy (UHL) and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) in treating patients with renal calculi of ≤3 cm.Methods From Feb.2008 to Apr.2011,a total of 109 cases (117 renal calculi in total) treated by either PCNL (50) or UHL (67) were retrospectively analyzed.Operative time,stone free rate,postoperative hospital stay,hospitalization expenses and complications were compared in the 2 groups.Results The mean stone burden of the UHL group and PCNL group was 2.5 cm (1.5-3.0) cm and 2.4 cm (1.3-3.0) cm,respectively.There was no significant difference in two groups.In UHL group,operations were performed successfully in all 67 calculi,of whom,43 patients needed combination of flexible ureteroscopy to break the stone fragments falling into the renal calices.No serious complication was recorded except postoperative fever in 3 cases.In PCNL group,all patients had been successful operated.Postoperative fever occurred in 2 cases.Obvious intraoperative and postoperative haemorrhage appeared in 1 case,and cured by selective renal artery embolization.The operation time of the UHL group and PCNL group was (117.0±36.5) min and (90.0±18.3) min respectively,and had no significant difference in two groups (P＞0.05).The stone free rate of the UHL group and PCNL group was 94％ (63/67) and 92％ (46/50) respectively,and had no significant difference in two groups (P＞0.05).Hemoglobin decline of the UHL group and PCNL group was (0.3±0.1) g/L and (20.6±8.1) g/L,and had significant difference in two groups (P＜0.05).Postoperative hospital stay of the UHL group and PCNL group was (5.0±2.4) day and (7.0±3.7) day,and had statistical difference in two groups (P＜ 0.05).Hospitalization expenses of the UHL group and PCNL group was (15 477.0±754.3) RMB and (27 453.0± 1763.5) RMB,and had statistical difference in two groups (P＜0.05).Conclusions Although UHL and PCNL have similar curative effect in treating renal stones of less than 3 cm,UHL have the advantages of lcss trauma and complication,lower expenses and fewer hospital stay.In treating renal stones of smaller than 3 cm,especially in the contraindication of PCNL,UHL may be a better choice.