Objective: To compare and analyze the antimicrobial efficacy of three different mechanical preparation techniques in single infected root canals. Methods; Forty-five single root canals with chronic periapical periodontitis were selected. The specimens were divided into three groups randomly, 15 root canals per group. Croup A: preparation with stainless steel K-files (step-back technique), Croup B: preparation with HERO 642 NiTi rotary files (crown-down technique) and Group C: preparation with Mtwo NiTi rotary files ( modified crown-down technique). The sterile normal saline was used as irrigation. Samples were taken before and after canal preparation. The difference of CFU was calculated as well as the bacterial species. Results; All groups were effective to reduce bacteria within the infected root canals greatly(P<0.01). Croup A and Group C were statistically better than Group B(P<0.05). Group A was more effective than Group C but there was no statistically difference between them(P>0.05). Conclusion; Mechanical preparation can greatly reduce the intracanal bacteria, but can not obtain bacteria-free canals. The mechanical preparation must be aided by chemical irrigation to improve the success of root canal therapy.

Objective:To investigate relationship between parents'marital relationship and intergenerational transmission of value orientation of marriage and love among college students.Methods:Totally 712 families inclu-ding a college student and his/her parents from 9 universities were surveyed.The Marital Health Test (MHT)was used to assess parents'marital relationship and transmission of value orientation of marriage and love from father and mother.The structural equation modeling and stepwise multiple regression were used to analysis the relationship between parents'marital relationship and intergenerational transmission of value orientation of marriage and love a-mong college students.Results:Moderate correlations (r =0.24 -0.58,Ps <0.01 )were found between parents'marital relationship and transmission of value orientation of marriage and love from father and mother.Path analysis suggested that paths from parents'marital relationship to paternal transmission and maternal transmission were statis-tically significant (path coefficient was 0.59 and 0.75).Grouping regression analysis showed that the influences of parents 'marital relationship of same-sex transmission (R2 =0.49,0.35 ) were greater than opposite-sex transmission.Conclusions:The findings indicate that parents'marital relationship could facilitate the intergeneration-al transmission of value orientation of marriage and love.Moreover,the influences of parents'marital relationship of same-gender transmission may be greater than opposite-sex transmission.

Objective On the background of the clinical skills competition for national medi-cal students in the higher medical colleges and universities, to investigate medical students' mastery of hand hygiene knowledge and skills, explore the effective methods of teaching, and improve the medical students' hand hygiene compliance and accuracy in clinical practice. Methods 90 medical students at a tertiary-level teaching hospital clinical practice stage were randomly selected for the study, and performed hand hygiene theoretical knowledge and practical skills training in special education. Special teaching investigation was made before and after training, to investigate the students' hand hygiene compliance rate in clinical practice. And the correct rate of hand hygiene were examined and medical students' hand hygiene compliance rate and correct rate were compared before and after the special teaching and training. Statistical analysis was made by using chi square test 2. Results After theory teaching and additional special skills training the students' hand hygiene compliance and accuracy were improved significantly (79.00%vs. 35.50%, P=0.000). The correct rate of hand hygiene was also significantly higher than before training (92.22% vs. 61.11%, P=0.000). Conclusion Hand hygiene knowledge and skills training can significantly improve the medical students' hand hygiene compliance and accuracy in the clinical practice, and is conducive to the prevention of the spread of infection in hospitals, and then reduce the incidence of hospital infection.

Routine supervision on hospital infection control was normally fed back on paper-based media,plagued by low efficiency and poor traceability.A feedback process developed with Workflow technology,can loop the entire process ranging from routine supervision to identifying loopholes,to hospital infection and joint development of correctional measures clinically,all the way to implementation of infection control practice and sustained improvement.The closed-loop PDCA cycle management features greater efficiency and traceability in hospital management of its infection control,and builds a quality improvement model featuring close communication between infection control department and clinical departments.

In accordance with the General Hospital Accreditation Standards Ⅲ (2011) and other HAI-related hospital guidelines,a quantitative assessment index system for infection control of general hospitals has been established.Based on these,departmental performance of the hospital has been regularly checked in their infection control,and the outcomes of assessment included into the performance appraisal system of the hospital.Thanks to this practice,there have been no outbreaks of hospital associated infections in the hospital in recent two years,the incidence of hospital associated infection decreased from 1.25％ in 2012 to 1.05％ in 2013.Proper hand hygiene rates,compliance rates increased from 45.3％ and 26.9 ％ in 2012 to 92.4 ％and 65.5 ％ in 2013.The index system for evaluating prevention and control of hospital associated infection is scientific and effective.

Objective To explore the investigation and control method for the epidemic of surgical site infection (SSI)in a hospital.Methods Data of orthopedics patients receiving clean wound orthopedics operation were ana-lyzed retrospectively,and effective measures were taken to control the epidemic of HAI.Results From June to August 2012,a total of 312 patients received clean wound orthopedics operation,7 (2.24%)SSI cases occurred.SSI rates during the same period from 2009 to 2012 were significantly different(P <0.05),and was the highest in 2012. HAI management staff reviewed patients’medical records,communicated with staff in orthopedics department,and put forward advice for SSI control;orthopedics department worked out and implemented detailed infection control measures.The subsequent surveillance showed that the prevalence of SSI in orthopedics ward decreased to 0.38%, infection outbreak was effectively controlled.Conclusion HAI management department played an important role in the finding and control of HAI outbreak.Scientific analysis on monitored data and proper measures adopted by HAI management department and clinical department can effectively control HAI outbreak.

Objective To assess the value of C-reactive protein(CRP) for the prognosis of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods 56 acute pulmonary embolism patients, confirmed by spiral computed tomography (sCT), magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), or pulmonary angiography (CTPA). CRP as well as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography(UCG), blood gas analysis, were taken after admission. Results Among these patients,24 cases with higher CRP(≥10 mg/L),were diagnosed as massive (50.0%), sub-massive PE(45.8%), mini-massive (4.2%) or died(25.0%). 24 cases (100.0%) showed right heart dysfunction and 24 cases showed pulmonary hy-pertension on UCG, right ventricular 20 (83.8%) on ECG, 22 cases (91.7%) showed hypoxemia. 8 cases (33.3%) had syncope,and 9 cases (37.5%) had cardiogenic shock. CRP was lower than 10 mg/L in 32 patients, among whom,3 cases (9.4%) were with massive PE,6 cases (18.8%) were with sub-massive PE,23(71.8%) were with small PE,1 cases(6.3%) died. 13 (40.6%) had right heart dysfunction and 16(50.6%) had pulmona-ry hypertension on UCG, right ventricular on ECG in 15 cases (46.9%), hypoxemia in 11 cases (34.4%), syncope in 2 cases (6.3%), cardiogenic shock in 4 cases (12.5%). The occurrence of massive PE, mortality (P<0.01) and sub-massive PE (P<0.05)were statistically different between the groups with higher CRP and the groups with lower CRP. The ratio of right heart dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular overloading, hypoxemia had statistical significance (P<0.01). There was statistical significance in the occurrence of syncope, cardiogenic shock (P<0.05). Conclusions CRP can be used as a parameter for PE, and can be used to stratify risk levels for severi-ty and assess the effectiveness of treatment.

Objective To investigate the relationship between electrical stimulus intensity and postopera-tive complications of puncture trigeminal ganglion radiofrequency thermocoagulation (PTGRT). Methods 86 pa-tients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) on the second and the third branch underwent trigeminal ganglion radiofre-quency thermocoagulation in Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University from June 2013 to December 2015 enrolled in this study. Electrical stimulus intensity in surgery and postoperative pain VAS score , numbness score, masseter muscles score and complications were recorded at 0, 24 and 48 hours post-surgery. Correlations among electrical stimulus intensity in surgery and postoperative pain VAS score,numbness score, masseter mus-cles score were analyzed. Result The 86 patients had different degrees of facial numbness , some patients had different degrees of masseter weakness , and 2 patients had mild sialorrhea in two days after PTGRT without serve complications. Eighty-three patients (96.51%) had no pain, and VAS score wass 0 at 0, 24 and 48 hours post-PTGRT. Electrical stimulus intensity in surgery had apparent negative correlation with numbness score at 0 , 24 and 48 hours popst-PTGRT (P < 0.01), with negative correlation with masseter muscles decreasing at 48 hours post-PTGRT (P < 0.05). Conclusion Suitable temperature and time in PTGRT were needed to be chose ac-cording to the electrical stimulus intensity.

AIM: To detect the role of fibrinogen activity (Fa) in the progress of coronary artery disease (CHD).METHODS:Fa was measured with hemorheology methods in patients with CHD stable phase (n=30) and angina pectoris (n=27).RESULTS: (1) Levels of plasmatic fibrinogen and plasmatic viscosity in patients with CHD were higher than that of control group (P

BACKGROUND:Both osteopontin and leptin are closely linked to bone metabolism, therefore, which may be related to the attack of femoral head necrosis. OBJECTIVE:To study the correlation of serum osteopontin and leptin in the development of femoral head necrosis. METHODS:Thirty-one patients with femoral head necrosis (case group, including 11 cases of ARCO II, 10 of ARCO III, 10 of ARCO IV) and 10 healthy adults (control group) were selected as the research objects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of osteopontin and leptin in serum folowed by statistical analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the case group, the serum levels of osteopontin and leptin were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). But the serum levels of osteopontin and leptin showed no correlation between the two groups. These findings indicate that the serum levels of osteopontin and leptin are both elevated in patients with femoral head necrosis, which maybe play a role in the pathogenesis of femoral head necrosis, but there is no obvious correlation.