Cause of Death ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Humans ; Infant ; Male

Structural modifications were performed with natural product of oleanolic acid to search for novel anticancer drugs. Ten oleanolic acid derivatives were designed and obtained by the reaction of oxidation, acylation or hydrolyzation, etc. The cytotoxic activity of derivatives was evaluated against HeLa, HepG2 and BGC-823 cells in vitro by MTT assay, gefitinib and etoposide used as a positive control. The results showed that compound 5a was particularly active to inhibit HepG2 cells growth, and anti-tumor activity of compound 7 on HeLa cells was significantly stronger than oleanolic acid. They are worthy to be studied further.

Objective To study the influence of site-directed deglycosylation of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) on its immunogenicity and assembly of functional pseudovirus. Methods Site-directed deglycosylation were performed using cycling mutagenesis and selection of mutants with DpnⅠ. Single-cycle infection assay was employed to analyze the effect of the mutations on the ability of functional pseudovirus assembly. The influence of deglycosylations on the immunodeficiency of Env was evaluated using pseudovirusbased neutralization assay and ELISPOT assay. Results Mutant N197Q induced higher neutralization activities for both pseudoviruses, but lower Env-specific T-cell response. And N197Q rendered the Env to lose the ability of functional pseudovirus assembly. Mutant G2 induced higher neutralization activities for pseudovirus 74-2 but lower for pseudovirus Wt, and had almost no influence on Env-specific T-cell response and functional pseudovirus forming. Conclusion The site-directed deglycosylation of the HIV-1 Env affects the pseudovirus forming and its immunogenicity.

Objective To establish a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. Methods The functional gp160 genes were amplified from plasmids containing HIV-1 gene. The products were ligased into pcDNA3.1 plasmid and positive clones were screened by digestion with restriction enzymes. The pseudoviruses were harvested by co-transfection of the positive clone and pSG3△env plasmid. The neutralizing activities of monoclonal antibodies and HIV-1 antibody positive plasma were measured by these pseudoviruses. Results The four strains of psedoviruses (CHB01, CHB02, CHBC03 and CHAE04) had been successfully obtained. Monoclonal antibody 4E10 could neutralize all of 4 pseudoviruses while 2G12 could not neutralize any pesudoviruses. Monoclonal antibody 2F5 could neutralize pseudovirus CHB01, CHB02 and CHAE04 but not CHBC03, while IgG1b12 could neutralize pseudovirus CHB01, CHB02 and CHBC03 but not CHAE04. The neutralizing activities of 43 of HIV-1 antibody positive plasma against different subtypes of pseudovirus were significant differences and the cross-neutralization effects for some samples exist. Conclusion The harvested pseudoviruses could be used in the neutralization assay. However, the neutralizing characteristics of different pseudoviruses may be different.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of active cycle of breathing techniques (ACBT) on respiratory muscle training in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery.Methods:A quasi-experimental trial was performed. Patients were allocated to the control group or intervention group according to their time of admission. Patients who were admitted to hospital from January 2019 to April 2019 were assigned to the control group and patients admitted from May 2019 to October 2019 were allocated to the intervention group. The control group ( n=84) received routine perioperative care, and the intervention group ( n=82) received ACBT in addition to routine perioperative care. Patients in both groups were trained 3 to 5 times a day throughout their stay in the hospital. The primary outcome measure was maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), peak of expiratory flow (PEF), forced vital capacity (FVC). Other outcomes included the postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC), days of postoperative hospital stay. Results:The MIP, PEF, FVC value of the control group 3 days after extubation were (64.77±9.80) cmH 2O (1 cmH 2O=0.098 kPa), (139.52±23.74) L/min, (1.07±0.20) L, the intervention group were (69.89±10.92) cmH 2O, (150.37±28.65) L/min, (1.15±0.22)L, the differences between the two groups were statistically significant ( t values were -3.177,-2.657,-2.409, P <0.05). The MIP, PEF, FVC value of the control group 5 days after extubation were (71.13±8.64) cmH 2O, (270.48±44.36) L/min, (2.02±0.29) L, the intervention group were (74.72±12.48) cmH 2O, (287.07±58.61) L/min, (2.21±0.35) L, the differences between the two groups were statistically significant ( t values were -2.161,-2.060,-3.605, P <0.05). The days of postoperative hospital stay of control group and intervention group were (8.15±0.98) and (7.80±1.23) d, there were significant differences ( t value was 2.021, P <0.05). Conclusions:ACBT is an effective and economical pulmonary rehabilitation method, it has effect on Respiratory Muscle Training in Patients Undergoing CABG surgery.

Eleven env mutants were designed and generated by site-directed mutagenesis of the regions around Nab epitopes and deletions of variable regions in env.The immunogenicities of the generated mutants were evaluated using single-cycle infection neutralization assays with two pseudoviruses and IFN-γELISPOT.Overall,five mutants(dWt,M2,M5-2,M5-1 and dM7)induced highed neutralization activities for both pseudoviruses than plasmid Wt,while only two of the mutants(dWt and M5-2)showed significant differences(P<0.05).Two mutants(M2 and dM2)induced more Env-specific T cells than plasmid Wt.Statistically however,significance was only reached for mutant M2.Thus,properly modified HIV-1 Env may have the potential to induce potent cellular and humoral immune responses.

We identified the routes of infection and evaluate the effect of disinfection on the field of an outbreak of an-thrax in a village of Wengan County ,Guizhou ,China ,thus trying to provide with basis for the implementation of policies for pre-vention and control of anthrax .The authors gathered the cases information by searching and interviewing the targeted persons house by house ,and reviewed the medical records in hospitals .The samples including patient’s discharging fluid ,residues of died horse ,and soil from the places where the villagers dismembered horse were gathered and cultured for Bacillus anthracis . The technique of multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA-8) was applied for revealing the genetic rela-tionships among those isolated Bacillus anthracis strains .Five cases of cutaneous anthrax occurred in the outbreak and the total attack rate was 7 .58% (5/66) among those contactors evolved in the activity of carrying ,dismembering ,washing ,chopping and eating the died horse .The attack rate was 100% (3/3) for those who carried ,dismembered ,washed ,chopped and ate that horse ,100% (1/1) for those who carried ,dismembered and ate ,and 7 .14% (1/14) for those who washed ,chopped and ate . The 25% (1/4) of the samples of discharging fluid from the cases with cutaneous anthrax were positive .After disinfection , 15 .38% (4/26) of the soil samples retained positive .The genetic similarity was 100% among the 5 isolate strains .The results suggested that the outbreak of anthrax in villagers occurred through the activities of carrying ,dismembering ,washing and chop-ping the died horse .Strengthening the risk communication and disinfection of the dismemberment places should be the crucial strategies to prevent and control anthrax epidemics in Guizhou in the future .

Objective This study was to evaluate the effects of prevention and control regarding programs on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever,in Guizhou province,from 2007 to 2012, to provide evidence for the improvement of related programs. Methods Data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid including information on epidemics,individual,cases,measures for prevention and control programs taken and relative government documents were collected and analyzed in Guizhou province,from 2007 to 2012. Information related to the average annual incidence,nature of outbreaks, time span before confirmed diagnosis was made,unit which carried the case report,proportion of laboratory confirmed diagnosed cases and case-management were compared between 2007-2009 and 2010-2012 descriptively while chi-square test with Excelland EpiInfo software were used for data analysis. Results In the period of 2007-2009,a total of 5 978 typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases were reported in Guizhou province with the average yearly incidence as 5.29/100 000. In the period of 2010-2012,2 765 cases were reported with the average yearly incidence as 2.57/100 000. When compared to the former,data from the latter period showed that the average yearly incidence had declined 51.31% in all the prefectures. There were still some outbreaks appeared but the total number of cases involved reduced 87.50%. The time span before the confirmation of diagnosis became shorter but the difference was not statistically significant (χ 2=0.08,P=0.99). Number of cases reported by hospitals at county or above had 11.51% of increase while those cases reported at the township hospitals or below decreased for 61.47%. The proportion of laboratory diagnosed cases increased 23.63%. Rates of timeliness on cards being filled in,inputted and audited showed increase of 8.44%,6.76%and 2.40%respectively. Conclusion Successful measures for prevention and control on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever had been remarkably taken in Guizhou province,but the potential risk of outbreaks still existed in some areas,suggesting that health education and surveillance programs including laboratory diagnosis,should be strengthened.

OBJECTIVEThis study was to evaluate the effects of prevention and control regarding programs on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, in Guizhou province, from 2007 to 2012, to provide evidence for the improvement of related programs.

METHODSData on typhoid fever and paratyphoid including information on epidemics, individual, cases, measures for prevention and control programs taken and relative government documents were collected and analyzed in Guizhou province, from 2007 to 2012. Information related to the average annual incidence, nature of outbreaks, time span before confirmed diagnosis was made, unit which carried the case report, proportion of laboratory confirmed diagnosed cases and case-management were compared between 2007-2009 and 2010-2012 descriptively while chi-square test with Excel and EpiInfo software were used for data analysis.

RESULTSIn the period of 2007-2009, a total of 5 978 typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases were reported in Guizhou province with the average yearly incidence as 5.29/100 000. In the period of 2010-2012, 2 765 cases were reported with the average yearly incidence as 2.57/100 000. When compared to the former, data from the latter period showed that the average yearly incidence had declined 51.31% in all the prefectures. There were still some outbreaks appeared but the total number of cases involved reduced 87.50%. The time span before the confirmation of diagnosis became shorter but the difference was not statistically significant (χ² = 0.08, P = 0.99). Number of cases reported by hospitals at county or above had 11.51% of increase while those cases reported at the township hospitals or below decreased for 61.47% . The proportion of laboratory diagnosed cases increased 23.63%. Rates of timeliness on cards being filled in, input and audited showed increase of 8.44%, 6.76% and 2.40% respectively.

CONCLUSIONSuccessful measures for prevention and control on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever had been remarkably taken in Guizhou province, but the potential risk of outbreaks still existed in some areas, suggesting that health education and surveillance programs including laboratory diagnosis, should be strengthened.

China ; epidemiology ; Communicable Disease Control ; methods ; Humans ; Paratyphoid Fever ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Typhoid Fever ; epidemiology ; prevention & control