Objective To study the clinical features of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in order to improve the clinical diagnosis. Methods Clinical data of fifty patients with PBC were retrospectively studied. The clinical features, results of laboratory tests, pathological findings of all the fifty patients were analyzed. Results forty-four patients were female (88%), and the mean age was 44.94?12.33 years at the time when definite diagnosis was made. The most frequent symptoms complained were fatigue (34/50, 68%), anorexia (24/50, 48%) and pruritus (13/50, 26%).The major signs included jaundice (32/50, 64%), splenomegaly (24/50, 48%) and liver palms (14/50, 28%). Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and r glutamyl transpeptidase (r-GT) levels were markedly elevated in most patients, and the levels of ALP and GGT declined during the advanced stage. The levels of ALT and AST were elevated slightly. The total level of serum bilirubin was elevated in thirty-two patients (64%). Positive anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA)/AMA-M2 were found in forty-one patients (82.0%). Pathological examination was done in 32 patients, it was shown that 28 patients (87.5%) were in early stage and 4 patients (12.5%) in advanced stage. Conclusion PBC occurs mainly in middle- and old aged women. The main clinical manifestations are fatigue, anorexia and pruritus. The elevated level of ALP, r-GT and positive AMA/AMA-M2 may be crucial to diagnosis of PBC.

Objective To observe the effect of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block combined with diclofenac sodium suppository in anus on postoperative analgesia and early recov-ery after laparoscopic hysterectomy.Methods Sixty-six patients of laparoscopic hysterectomy,aged 40-60 years,were randomly divided into group T and group D,33 cases in each group.Group T used ultrasound-guided bilateral transversus abdominis plane (TAP)block after surgery.Group D used TAP block and diclofenac sodium suppositories in anus.All patients received PCIA.Postoperative 24 h sufentanil dosage out of analgesia pump and the effective press times were recorded.The incidence of dysphoria,nausea and vomit within postoperative 24 h,the time of first out-of-bed activity,the time of first anal exhaust and the time of removing urine tube were measured.The plasma concentra-tion of interleukin-6(IL-6),C reactive protein (CRP)and cortisol (Cor)were recorded at the follow-ing four time points:before anesthesia,just postoperative moment,8 and 12 h after surgery. Results Compared with group T,the sufentanil dosage [(18.6±3.2)μg vs (40.8±5.1)μg]and the effective press times [(9.3±2.2)times vs (20.4±3.5)times]were fewer in group D (P<0.05).The incidence of dysphoria,and nausea and vomit were less in group D compared with group T (P<0.05).The IL-6,CRP and Cor of group D at 12 h were lower than those of group T (P<0.05). But the times of first out-of-bed activity,anal exhaust and removing urine tube in two groups were not significantly different.Conclusion Transversus abdominis plane block combined with diclofenac sodium suppositories in anus can provide safe and effective postoperative analgesia for laparoscopic hysterectomy,and promote the early fast recovery.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of extraction site preservation using injectable calcium phosphate cement (CPC) combine with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres.Methods Immediate extraction defects models were created in canine mandibles,and the defects were filled with CPC/PLGA (experimental group,E),Bio-Oss (positive control,P),non-treatment (blank control,B) respectively.Dogs were sacrificed after 4,8,12 weeks post operation.Statistical analysis were conducted using SPSS 19.Results Results of radiological observation showed that there were not significantly different between groups in 4 and 8 week(P ＞0.05).After 12 week,E(114.9 ±8.4)were not significantly different compared with P(117.4 ± 12.1) (P ＞ 0.05),both were significantly higher than B (95.0 ± 12.6)(P ＜0.05).Histology examination showed that at 4 week following surgery,the result of newly formed bone was as follow,P [(87.5 ± 1.5) ％] ＞ B [(78.7 ± 2.7) ％] ＞ E [(69.2 ± 1.8) ％] (P ＜ 0.05).At8,12 week,results of P[(94.0 ±2.3)％ and (93.5 ±1.9)％]and E[(94.7 ±1.1)％ and (96.0±0.9)％] were better than those of B[(76.8 ±3.0)％ and (87.0 ±2.4)％] (P＜0.05).Conclusions The effect of CPC/PLGA repair immediate alveolar ridge defects is the same as that of BioOss,and CPC/PLGA can be used as a material in extraction site preservation.

Objective: To understand sexual orientation and characteristics of sexual behaviors related with HIV infection among HIV positive male college students in Beijing and to provide suggestions for development of sexual health education and HIV prevention strategy for student population. Methods: HIV positive male college students diagnosed from 2016 to June 30, 2019 in Beijing were recruited. Questionnaire was used to retrospectively investigate sexual orientation and characteristics of sexual behaviors before HIV infection. Behaviors related to HIV infection were compared between absolutely homosexual and others sexual orientation. Results: The average age of male students firstly identified to be HIV positive was (22.18±2.70) years old, 61.5%(123) of them were undergraduate, 69.5%(139) were not registered permanent residency in Beijing, 38.5%(77) of their interviewed sexual partners were from online chat and 83.0%(166) had homosexual behaviors. Sexual orientation score analysis showed that 50.0% of the participants self identified as exclusively homosexual. Compared with other sexual oriental group, exclusively homosexual group had lower mean age of their HIV infection firstly identified（ t =2.77， P =0.01）, higher rate of Rush use, firstly insertive sexual behavior with male, firstly insertive sexual behavior before 18 years old, sexual partners more than three persons, having regular partners, nonpersistent use of condom, being diagnosed of sexual transmitted disease and the frequency of homosexual behaviors more than 1 time per month （ χ 2=5.15,28.06,4.16,5.34,5.89,7.39,6.68, P <0.05）. Rush users had higher rate of STD diagnosis than non users in exclusively homosexual group ( χ 2=6.26， P =0.01). Conclusion Risky sexual behaviors associated with HIV infection were higher in exclusively homosexual group then other sexual orientation groups among HIV positive male college students. Family and school should concern with sexual health education byreinforcing health education via network media to improve college students’ awarenees on HIV/AIDS.

Objective:To elucidate the quasispecies variation of 3′ half-length genome in HIV-1 CRF103_01B-infected patients in Beijing using single genome amplification (SGA).Methods:This study enrolled six CRF103_01B-infected patients who were diagnosed during a drug resistance monitoring for newly diagnosed cases or newly treated cases with antiviral therapy in Beijing from 2017 to 2020. RNA was extracted from their plasma samples, and 3′ end of cDNA was diluted by serial dilution method after reverse transcription. Nested PCR was used to amplify the 3′ half-length genome sequences of HIV-1 quasispecies. MEGA 11 was used to construct Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree and calculate the intrahost genetic distance. Genetic variation in HIV-1 quasispecies was visualized by online Highlighter tool. BootScan analysis was performed using Simplot 3.5 software to analyze inter-quasispecies recombination. Virus tropism was predicted by online Geno2pheno tool.Results:Among the six CRF103_01B-infected patients, five were men who have sex with men. A total of 144 3′ half-length genome SGA sequences (19-36 sequences/case) were obtained. The NJ tree based on the 3′ half-length genome of HIV-1 quasispecies revealed different degrees of genetic diversity. The HIV-1 quasispecies in BL4748-00 case of acute infection has the least variation with the intrahost distance of 0.002±0.000, showing genetic homogeneity. The quasispecies sequences from BL4981-00, BL3150-00 and BL3558-00 cases formed at least three subclusters, respectively, with different evolutionary directions, and their intrahost distance ranked from 0.031±0.004 to 0.016±0.002 (BL3150-00>BL3558-00>BL4981-00). The quasispecies sequences from the couple BL3022-00 (female) and BL3023-00 clustered into a large monophyletic cluster (bootstrap value=100%), and the intrahost distance of the latter (0.025±0.003) was higher than that of the former (0.019±0.002). Inter-quasispecies recombination was observed in BL3558-00 case. The quasispecies from the six patients were CCR5-tropic viruses.Conclusions:The diversity of quasispecies variation in CRF103_01B-infected patients is related to disease progress. Genetic homogeneity is observed in acute HIV infection, while multiple evolutionary directions are detected in chronic infection. Co-infection or superinfection cases are not found, but there are recombination events among quasispecies in some cases.

Objective:To explore the characteristics of HIV-1 genotypic drug resistance for protease-reverse transcriptase (PR-RT) and integrase (IN) among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive individuals in Beijing, and provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods:Newly diagnosed individuals or cases initiating ART were recruited in Beijing covering 2019 to 2020, then pol gene fragments and integrase gene were synchronously amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine subtypes, and the pol gene and integrase gene sequences were submitted to Stanford University HIV drug resistance database for the interpretation of mutations and drug resistance. Results:Among 168 ART-naive individuals, 93.6% were infected via men who have sex with men (MSM). The top two subtypes were CRF01_AE (41.0%) and CRF07_BC (30.3%), and unique recombinant forms accounted for 16.1% infections. Six individuals carried surveillance drug resistance mutations in PR-RT, with a prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) at 3.7%. And one case carried nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutation of K65R, accompanied with major integrase mutation of T66I (0.6%), conveying resistance to elvitegravir and raltegravir at high and low levels, respectively.Conclusions:The prevalence of transmitted drug resistance was considerably low among ART-naive individuals in Beijing, and the surveillance of genotypic drug resistance should be strengthened, including integrase drug resistance.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has continued to spread globally since late 2019, representing a formidable challenge to the world's healthcare systems, wreaking havoc, and spreading rapidly through human contact. With fever, fatigue, and a persistent dry cough being the hallmark symptoms, this disease threatened to destabilize the delicate balance of our global community. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 is a prerequisite for understanding the number of confirmed cases in the world or a region, and an important factor in epidemic assessment and the development of control measures. It also plays a crucial role in ensuring that patients receive the appropriate medical treatment, leading to optimal patient care. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology is currently the most mature method for detecting viral nucleic acids, but it has many drawbacks. Meanwhile, a variety of COVID-19 detection methods, including molecular biological diagnostic, immunodiagnostic, imaging, and artificial intelligence methods have been developed and applied in clinical practice to meet diverse scenarios and needs. These methods can help clinicians diagnose and treat COVID-19 patients. This review describes the variety of such methods used in China, providing an important reference in the field of the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19.
Humans ; Artificial Intelligence ; China ; COVID-19/diagnosis* ; COVID-19 Testing