Objective: To explore the imported medicine price’s pass-through effect on domestic western medicine’s price. Methods: Based on the time-series data from January 2003 to March 2013, the empirical research studied the effect of imported medicine’s price and other variables on domestic western medicine price. Results: The imported medicine’ price has short significant effect on domestic medicine. Conclusion: To reduce the effect of imported medicine price’s fluctuation, the government should intervene the medicine price moderately; the drug company and the hospital should pay attention to the efficacy and the promotion of the domestic western medicine.

Objective·To investigate the role and mechanism of CaMKKβ in RAW264.7 macrophage M2 polarization induced by interleukin-4 (IL-4).Methods·IL-4 induced RAW264.7 polarization was measured by RT-PCR and ELISA.Western blotting was used to analyze the total and phosphorylated protein levels of CaMKKβ,AMPK,JAK2 and STAT3 during polarization.A lentiviral vector carrying an shRNA targeting the CaMKKβ gene was successfully constructed.The expression of M1 and M2 markers and the expression of phosphorylated AMPK,JAK2,STAT3 were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting respectively.The protein activity ofAMPK,JAK2 and STAT3 were selectively blocked,and then the effect of IL-4 on macrophage polarization was detected by RT-PCR.Results·IL-4 significantly polarized RAW264.7 cells towards M2 macrophages (P＜0.05),and the phosphorylated protein expression of CaMKKβ,AMPK,JAK2,STAT3 was significantly increased (all P＜0.05).The expression of M2 markers induced by IL-4 was decreased and the phosphorylation ofAMPK,JAK2 and STAT3 was also decreased after knockdown of CaMKKβ by shRNA (all P＜0.05).The polarization of macrophages to M2 was decreased after the activities of AMPK,JAK2 and STAT3 proteins were blocked respectively (all P＜0.05).Conclusion·CaMKKβ promotes IL-4 induced M2 macrophage polarization via activation of AMPK/JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

Objective To evaluate the correlation between quantitative parameters of contrastenhanced ultrasound(CEUS) and microvessel density (MVD) of rabbit atherosclerotic plaques.Methods Twenty-six male New Zealand rabbits were damaged abdominal aortic by balloon expanded,fed with high fat 12 weeks later.Thirty two plaques were detected using conventional ultrasound examination.The maximum area,luminal area stenosis rate and the maximum thickness of each plaque were recorded.CEUS was performed on 32 plaques and enhancement images were offline analyzed quantitatively by ACQ software and the parameters such as arrival time(AT),time to peak(TTP),basic intensity(BI),and peak intensity(PI) were acquired.Enhanced intensity (EI) was calculated according to the formula:EI =PI- BI.Then the experimentalrabbitswerekilledforpathologicalexaminationandCD34monoclonalantibody immunohistochemical detection.MVD was counted under the microscope.The correlation between the parameters of CEUS and MVD was analyzed.Based on pathological findings,the plaques were divided into vulnerable plaques and stable plaques.ResultsEI and MVD of vulnerable plaques group were significantly higher than that of stable plaques group [EI:(26.36 ± 1.44) dB vs (23.90 ± 2.92)dB,t =- 3.243,P =0.001 ；MVD:(5.23 ± 1.16)/mm2 vs (2.47 ± 1.12)/mm2,Z =- 4.378,P ＜0.001].The maximum area,luminal area stenosis rate,the maximum thickness and PI,AT,TTP had no significant difference between two groups( P ＞0.05).The value of EI showed significant positive correlation with MVD ( r =0.676,P ＜0.001).ConclusionsEI can accurately evaluate the angiogenesis of rabbit atherosclerotic plaques,which can be regarded as a useful index to distinguish between vulnerable and stable plaques.

Objective To assess the clinicopathological and confocal microscopic features of porokeratosis.Methods This study included 186 patients with porokeratosis.The clinical and pathological findings from the patients were retrospectively analyzed.Confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM)was used to observe the lesions of disseminated superficial porokeratosis in 16 patients.Results Most of the patients had characteristic lesions of porokeratosis,i.e.,papules or plaques with a thread-like elevated border.Comoid lamella was observed in all of the cases,which was unassociated with sweat glands or hair follicles in most cases(171/186),and located in sweat pore or hair follicles in a few cases(15/186).There were dyskeratocytes as well as vacuolized and degenerated basal cells beneath the cornoid lamella.Varying amounts of lymphocytes and melanophages were observed in the superficial dermis.Amyloid was deposited in the papilla dermis in 2 cases.CLSM showed dyskeratocytes in a characteristic arcuate arrangement in spinous cell layer.Conclusions The CLSM images of porokeratosis are consistent with its histopathological manifestations,and CLSM may serve as a sensitive and specific noninvasive method for the diagnosis of porokeratosis.

Objective: To investigate the changes in the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and let-7e in rats induced by coal mine dust, so as to provide the basis for the mechanism of coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP). Methods: Sixty-four clean and healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control group, coal dust group, mixed dust group (mixed coal and silica dust) and quartz group. The rats in the control group were exposed to 1 mL physiological saline by non-exposure tracheal perfusion, and the rats in the dust-exposed groups were exposed to 1 mL dust suspension. Rats were sacrificed by anesthesia after 1 month and 6 months, lung tissue was observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining, the pathological change in the lungs was scored using the Szapiel scoring system, the levels of IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression of let-7e was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: A month after exposure, a small amount of coal spots and inflammatory exudation were observed in the lung tissue of the coal dust group and the mixed dust group. The quartz group showed tissue structure destruction and mild fibrosis and thickening of alveolar septum. Six months after exposure, there were more coal spots and slightly thickened alveolar septum in the coal dust group, and hyperplasia of pulmonary interstitial fibers, destruction of alveolar structure and silica nodules were observed in the mixed dust group. In the quartz group, the alveolar structure was obviously destroyed, the interstitial fiber proliferation was significant and silica nodules were seen. Two-factor analysis of variance showed that the interaction between duration of exposure and dust type significantly influenced the pathological score of lung tissue, IL-6 levels, and let-7e expression levels (P<0.05). Under the same dust type, the pathological score of lung tissue and IL-6 levels were higher at 6 months after exposure than at 1 month, while the relative expression of let-7e was lower at 6 months after exposure than at 1 month (all P<0.05). Under the same duration of exposure, the pathological score of lung tissue and IL-6 levels were higher in the dust-exposed groups than in the control group, while the relative expression of let-7e was lower in the dust-exposed groups than in the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusions Coal dust can cause an increase in levels of IL-6 and a decrease in let-7e expression in rats. The type of dust and duration of exposure can interactively affect IL-6 and let-7e.

OBJECTIVE To investigated the impact of age,sex and season on the morbidity of allergic rhinitis(AR)and noninfectious,nonallergic rhinitis(NINA).METHODS The clinical data of the patients with AR and NINA was analyzed from Oct.2003 to Oct.2005.Factors such as age,sex, etc were taken into consideration.RESULTS The highest morbidity age of AR was 10～19 years, and that of NINA was 30～39 years.The morbidity of allergic rhinitis in men was higher than that in women before 20 years old,while there was no sexual difference of nonallergic rhinitis.About 61.6% of patients diagnosed with AR developed their condition before 20 years old,about 66.5% of patients diagnosed with NINA developed their condition after 20 years old.The number of patients with AR increased markedly from July to November, while there was no seasonal diversity of NINA. CONCLUSION There were obviously differences between AR and NINA of age,sex and seasons, which implied different pathologic mechanism between these two types.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of specific immunotherapy (SIT) with standardized dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract for allergic rhinitis (AR)accompanied with asthma.Method:One hundred and fifty-five patients(40 AR with asthma, AR & asthma) in accordance with the inclusion criteria of SIT, were allocated to receive standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract (SIT group, n=89) or medical treatment(control group, n=66). AR with or without asthma was observed separately. Symptom and medicine scores, quality of life were recorded and analyzed before and after 1 year treatment. Side effects were registered. Subjective evaluation of symptoms was made by the patients.Result:Rhinitis and asthma symptom scores, medicine scores and quality of life were greatly improved in SIT group of AR & asthma after 1 year, which were not significant changed in control group except for medicine scores. The subjective evaluation of symptoms was also significantly improved in SIT group. In patients of AR without asthma, the symptom scores, medicine scores and quality of life were both improved. The SIT group improved greater than that of control group.Conclusion:The clinical efficacy of patients with AR & asthma was not good with simple medical treatment, while great clinical efficacy could be acquired with SIT.

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of serum IL-10, 12, 13, 16 in patients with allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis. METHOD: The serum levels of IL-10, 12, 13, 16 were measured by ELISA in 30 cases of allergic rhinitis, 25 cases of vasomotor rhinitis and 20 healthy people. RESULT: The level of IL-12 in allergic rhinitis was (170.33 +/- 90.58) ng/L, which was significantly lower than that of normal controls [(376.69 +/- 140.70) ng/L, P < 0.01]. The levels of IL-13 and IL-16 in allergic rhinitis were (408.51 +/- 189.68) ng/L and (151.53 +/- 63.56) ng/L, which were significantly higher than those of normal controls [(151.92 +/- 85.08) ng/L, (60.65 +/- 32.45) ng/L, P < 0.01]. There were no significant difference of levels of IL-10, 13, 16 between vasomotor rhinitis and normal controls, while the level of IL-12 in vasomotor rhinitis was lower than that of normal controls [(196.03 +/- 96.31) ng/L vs. (376.69 +/- 140.70) ng/L, P < 0.01]. It was suggested that IL-10 had positive correlation with IL-12 (r = 0.73, P < 0.01), and IL-13 had positive correlation with IL-16 (r = 0.94, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The imbalance of IL-12, IL-13 and IL-16 play crucial roles of regulation in the onset and developing of allergic rhinitis. Further research is needed on the role of IL-12 in vasomotor rhinitis.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Interleukin-12 ; blood ; Interleukin-13 ; blood ; Interleukin-16 ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; blood ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal ; blood ; Rhinitis, Vasomotor ; blood ; Young Adult

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the association between the characteristics of egocentric network and HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) through social network analysis. Methods: The study was conducted in Guangzhou city from November 2016 to June 2017 using convenient sampling method. Participants were recruited from 13 voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) locations. Data were collected by using nomination generation and nomination interpretation methods. Questionnaire includes two parts, the first part about the social tie, and the second one about social demography and behavioral characteristics of respondents and their nominees. The multivariate logistic regression was applied to quantify the association. Results: 8.67%(93/1 073) HIV antibody positive MSM had been detected in 1 073 respondents who nominated 4 301 partners in total. Compared to egocentric sexual network with a size of 1-2, the size of sexual network larger than 3 (OR=1.68, 95%CI: 1.07-2.65) were associated with HIV infection. Compared to egocentric risk sexual network with a size of 1-2, the size of risk sexual networks larger than 3 (OR=1.87, 95%CI: 1.06-3.31) were associated with HIV infection. There were no significant association between marital similarity of respondents and their nominees, the type of the relationship of sexual partners and HIV prevalence (P>0.05). Conclusion The composition of social network in MSM is related to their susceptibility of HIV infection. MSM population with a large sexual network is more susceptible to HIV infection.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of polysaccharide nucleic acid-fraction (BCG-PSN) in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis. METHOD: Sixty patients were randomly divided into BCG-PSN group (n = 30) and control group (n = 30). The patients in BCG-PSN group were administered with BCG-PSN 1.0 mg twice a week for two months, and intranasal azelastine was used if needed. The patients in control group were administered with intranasal azelastine solely twice a day, which could be decreased with the symptom relief. Follow-up was 6 months. Symptom and medication scores were recorded. Side effects were registered. RESULT: The symptom and medication scores of BCG-PSN group were significantly lower than that of control group (P < 0.01) after BCG-PSN treatment. There was no significant difference in symptom score between the two groups at 6 months after BCG-PSN treatment (P > 0.05), while the medication score of BCG-PSN group was still much lower than that of control group (P < 0.01). No serious adverse events were reported in BCG-PSN group except for local pain on the injection place in one patient. CONCLUSION BCG-PSN is effective and safe in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis.
Adolescent ; Adult ; BCG Vaccine ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rhinitis, Vasomotor ; drug therapy ; Single-Blind Method ; Young Adult