Aim To explore the mechanism of E.coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit(LTB)as adjuvant by analysis of cellular proteins interacting with LTB. Methods Whole cell proteins were purified from RAW 264.7 cell after treated with LTB or NaCl 12 h, respectively.The cellular proteins were interacted with LTB and the interacting proteins were purified by pull-down assay and identified by mass spectrography.The LTB interaction proteins were conformed with Western blot and immunofluorescence assay.Results 25 LTB interaction proteins were found,and their interaction network was mapped;four proteins (Jup,Dsp,Ddx5 and Vimentin)were indicated to be related with LTB adjuvant activity;immunofluorescence assay indicated that GM130 interacted with LTB,however,Vimentin had no interaction with LTB in vivo.After treated by LTB,the expression of β-actin was upregulated obvi-ously in RAW 264.7 cell,whereras,Hspd1 did not show any change.Conclusions LTB exerts adjuvant activity through binding to GM1 of immune cells,cau-sing endocytosis and transporting to the Golgi apparatus by vesicles.Then LTB might bind to Jup and affect TCF/LEF activity,regulating the expression of Bcl 2, IL-6,and Runx3.The result is promoted T cell and B cell proliferation,differentiation and activation by se-cretion of cytokines and immunoglobulins.

Objective To investigate the polymorphisms of-139 and -336 nucleotides in dendritic cells specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) promoter region in context of HIV susceptibility, infection routines and HIV/AIDS progress. Methods Polymorphisms of -139 and -336 nucleotides in DC-SIGN were examined in 160 HIV-positive subjects and 178 healthy controls;the Spearman test was performed to analyze their associations with HIV infection status. Results In 160 HIV-positive subjects, there were 92 (57.5%) with-139C, 68 (42.5%) with-139T, 29 (18.1%) with-336C and 131 (81.9%) with -336T. The frequencies of -139T/C and -336T/C in HIV-positive subjects were similar to those in the healthy controls (χ2 =0. 121 and 1. 754, P ＞0.05 ). No differences were found in the distribution of -139T/C or -336T/C in HIV-positive subjects infected via sex intercourse or intravenous drug (χ2 =0. 435 and 0. 103, P ＞ 0. 05 ). -139C was usually companied with -336C ( r = 0. 359, P ＜ 0.01 ).-139T (27.9%) were more frequently presented in patients with CD4 +T cells ≤50 cells/μL than -139C( 23.0%, χ2 = 4.055, P ＜ 0.05 ). -139T/C and -336T/C were not related to HIV RNA levels ( t = - 0. 643and - 1. 637, P ＞ 0.05). Conclusions Genotype -139C in DC-SIGN promoter region usually coexist with -336C. Polymorphisms of -139 and -336 are not related to HIV susceptibilities or HIV infection routes.-139T genotype may be related to serious depletion on CD4 + T cells.

Objective To clinically analyze the frequent stroke localizations of moyamoya disease in order to improve our cognition toward it and reduce missed diagnosis. Methods All 32 patients were prospectively analyzed over the past 10 years in our hospital. Results The ratio of female to male was 1.28 and their age of onset ranged from 7 to 47 years old. Mean age of 5 ischemic stroke patients (15.6%) was 24 and mean age of 21 haemorrhagic stroke patients (65.6%) was 33 while mean age of 6 mixed type stroke patients (18. 8% ) was 32. The frequent ischemic stroke localizations were frontoparietal lobe (60%),temporo-occipital lobe (20%), and periventricular zone (20%). The frequent haemorrhagic stroke iocalizations were periventricular zone (42.8%), ventricle (39.2%), temporo-occipital lobe (10. 8%) and subarachnoid space (7.2%). No cerebellum and brain stem stroke occurred. Conclusion Adult patients usually develop intracranial hemorrhage. Moyamoya disease should be considered severely when adult patients develop periventricular and ventricular intracranial hemorrhage, frontoparietal cerebral infarction or adolescent patients develop ischemic stroke, especially companied with epilepsy.

Objective To investigate the influences of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on cardiovascular system, nervous system and respiratory system of experimental animals, and provide general pharmacological data for further research and application. Methods The influences of GSPE on blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, breathing frequency and tidal volume in anesthetic dogs after duodenal administration were observed, the impacts on spontaneous activity, coordinated motion, and the sleep situation with threshold dose and subthreshold dose of pentobarbital sodium in mice after intragastric administration were observed. Results GSPE showed no side effects on blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, breathing frequency and tidal volume in anesthetic dogs at the dosage of 857.00, 214.29, 42.86 mg/kg (P>0.05). At the dosage of 428.57, 214.29, 42.86 mg/kg, GSPE had no obvious influence on spontaneous activities and coordinated movements in mice (P>0.05). GSPE did not evidently change the number of sleeping animals, the sleep latency and the sleeping duration with subthreshold dose and threshold dose of pentobarbital sodium (P>0.05). Conclusion GSPE has no evident adverse effects on central nervous system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system in animals.

The clinical characters, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC), and efficacy of the anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) were investigated. Thirty-one patients with PKC were collected, and the clinical characters and change of EEG were analyzed. The average age of the first attack was 16.8 years old and the pinnacle was 10 to 20 years old. There were definite causes for every attack and the sudden movement was the most common one (92%). Time for the whole attack was always less than 1 min. The attack presented with muscle tension disturbance (83.9%), movement like dancing (16.1%), abnormal movement of mouth and face and other symptoms (16.2%). The attack tended to be very frequent and 71% patients were beyond once per day. The EEG examination and image scan of primary PKC were normal in most patients. Low dosage of AEDs could control the attack of 50%-77.3% patients. It was concluded that PKC was a common disease of movement disorder. The therapy by AEDs was very effective. PKC should be differentiated from epilepsy and the relationship between PKC and epilepsy needs further research.
Anticonvulsants/*therapeutic use ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dystonia/diagnosis ; Dystonia/drug therapy ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy/diagnosis ; Young Adult

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ZM241385 on amygdala-kindled seizures and its roles in epileptogenesis. Electrodes were implanted into the right amygdala of male adult Wistar rats. Kindling was accomplished by using stimulus strength of 500 μA applied daily to the amygdala until 10 consecutive stage 5 seizues were induced. Then effect of ZM241385 was studied in fully kindled rats after intracerebroventricular administration of the drug. In addition, the effect on kindling progression was evaluated through ZM241385 injection before daily stimulation. In all experiments, behavioral changes in the rats in response to ZM241385 were monitored closely. The results showed that, in fully amygdala-kindled rats, ZM241385 (0.001-0.1 nmol/L) decreased afterdischage duration (ADD), motor seizure duration (MSD), stage 5 duration (S5D) and seizure duration (SD), but only the effect on ADD was dose-dependent. The doses of 0.001-0.1 nmol/L had no influence on stage 4 latency (S4L) and seizure stage (SS). The dosages of 0.0001 and 1 nmol/L of ZM241385 did not exert any effect on all seizure parameters. In contrast to the results in fully amygdala-kindled rats, ZM241385 (0.001-0.1 nmol/L) had minimal or no effects on the progression of amygdala-kindled seizures. We are led to the conclusion that although ZM241385 had no influence on the progression of amygdala-kindled seizures, it had potent anti-convulsant profile and little adverse effects at the dosage of 0.001-0.1 nmol/L, suggesting that the agent is effective against the amygdala-kindled seizures.

Objective To observe the effects of Marigold lutein on the cardiovascular system, the nervous system and the respiratory system of experimental animals. Methods The influence on blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, breathing flow and frequency in anesthetic dogs were observed after duodenum euonymus, and the impact on spontaneous activity, coordinated movement, and the sleep situation of threshold dose and sunthreshold dose pentobarbital sodium in mice were observed by intragastric administration of Marigold lutein. Results Marigold lutein had no side effects on breathing flow and frequency, blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram in anesthetic dog, and had no obvious influence on spontaneous activity and coordinated movement in mice. Marigold lutein did not evidently change the number and the time of sleeping in mice. Conclusion Marigold lutein has no evident effects on respiratory system, cardiovascular system and central nervous system of experimental animals.

Objective To study the general pharmacological effects of Aloe's whole-leaf freeze-dried powder (AWFD), and observe its influence on cardiovascular system, nervous system and respiratory system of laboratory animals, so as to offer an experimental basis for clinical application. Methods Forty-eight mice were randomized into blank control group, high dosage group, medium dosage group and low dosage group of AWFD (12 mice for each group). AWFD high, medium and low dosage groups were treated by intragastric at the dose of 12.20, 3.90, 0.65 g/(kg?d), blank control group was treated by equal volume of sterilized distilled water. After three days, general behavior, spontaneous activity, coordinated movement, sleep situation induced by sodium pentobarbital in subthreshold dose and suprathreshold dose were observed. Twenty-four beagle were randomized into blank control group, high dosage group, medium dosage group and low dosage group of AWFD (6 beagles for each group). AWFD high, medium and low dosage groups were treated by duodenum at the dose of 6.10, 3.41, 0.71 g/(kg?d), blank control group was treated by equal volume of sterilized distilled water. The influence on blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, breathing flow and frequency in anesthetic dogs were observed. Results Three dosages of AWFD had no obvious influence on spontaneous activity and coordinated movement in mice, and had no evidently influence on sleep number and duration, but the high dosage group of AWFD had influence on sleep latency (P<0.01). AWFD had no impact on blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, breathing flow and frequency in anesthetic dogs. Conclusion AWFD has no evident effects on cardiovascular system and respiratory system in laboratory animal, however, the impact on the central nervous system remains to be further verified.

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of single-center infant kidney donor adult dual kidney transplantation to explore the difference of different operation methods and the operation options of different donor kidney conditions so as to improve the success rate of children kidney donor adult dual kidney transplantation and reduce complications.Methods:A total of 42 cases of infant and adult dual kidney transplantations at Department of Kidney Transplantation in The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from December 2012 to May 2019 were divided into two groups according to whether or not donor kidney fulfilled the criteria of three " 5" . According to different surgical approaches, they were divided into three groups of A (classical En-Bloc operation), B (separated dual kidney transplantation) and C (modified operation). The clinical data and prognoses were analyzed.Results:The median follow-up period was 55(11-92) months. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was 123.4(92.2-156.6) ml/min for operation A, 97.2(81.3-116.6) ml/min for operation B and 133.9(133.9-133.9) ml/min for operation C. In donor group not fulfilling the " 5" principle, no thrombotic event occurred for operation A/C and 3 cases of transplantation for operation B. There were single renal embolism ( n=2) and dual renal embolism ( n=1)(3/5, 60%)( P<0.05). Urinary protein was positive in the last follow-up: operation A (1/2, 50%) and operation B (3/5, 60%) ( P<0.05). The estimated glomerular filtration rate at the last follow-up was 82.4(80.9-83.9) ml/min for operation A, 71.8(46.1-114.2) ml/min for operation B and 122(83.3-142.4) ml/min for operation C. The 1-year graft survival rate was 100% and 89.5% in three " 5" donor group and 3-year graft survival rate was 100% and 84.2% respectively. Conclusions:Satisfactory outcomes might be obtained during dual kidney transplantation for infants and adults. The incidence of thrombosis, urine leakage and urinary protein is lower in improved kidney transplantation group than that in previously operated group. The problem of graft hyperperfusion injury is well solved. And the long-term follow-up outcome is excellent.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ZM241385 on amygdala-kindled seizures and its roles in epileptogenesis.Electrodes were implanted into the right amygdala of male adult Wistar rats.Kindling was accomplished by using stimulus strength of 500 μA applied daily to the amygdala until 10 consecutive stage 5 seizues were induced.Then effect of ZM241385 was studied in fully kindled rats after intracerebroventricular administration of the drug.In addition,the effect on kindling progression was evaluated through ZM241385 injection before daily stimulation.In all experiments,behavioral changes in the rats in response to ZM241385 were monitored closely.The results showed that,in fully amygdala-kindled rats,ZM241385 (0.001-.1 nmol/L) decreased afterdischage duration (ADD),motor seizure duration (MSD),stage 5 duration (S5D) and seizure duration (SD),but only the effect on ADD was dose-dependent.The doses of 0.001-0.1 nmol/L had no influence on stage 4 latency (S4L) and seizure stage (SS).The dosages of 0.0001 and 1 nmol/L of ZM241385 did not exert any effect on all seizure parameters.In contrast to the results in fully amygdala-kindled rats,ZM241385 (0.001-0.1 nmol/L) had minimal or no effects on the progression of amygdala-kindled seizures.We are led to the conclusion that although ZM241385 had no influence on the progression of amygdala-kindled seizures,it had potent anti-convulsant profile and little adverse effects at the dosage of 0.001-0.1 nmol/L,suggesting that the agent is effective against the amygdala-kindled seizures.