The definition and diagnostic threshold of early caries have been changed to even earlier stage of subclinical level in recent years. This article tries to introduce the significant changes in the area of caries research, including the raise of the concept, the diagnostic standard, the problems and challenges facing, the interference and the treatment effect assessments of early stage subclinical caries. The prospect of the research is discussed as well to enhance the level of awareness and diagnosis and interference capability.

As a new technique, photedynamic therapy was introduced in the end of 1970s and has been put into clinical application from experimental tests in recent years. Its mechanisms was established on the basis that a series of special typed cells and tissues could selectively absorb photosensitive drugs and generate photore-sponsive effects by light irradiation of definite wavelengths. Currently, the photodynamic theraputics is applied mainly in non surgical treatment of tumor betided in body superfacial and hollow viscus. Its application area has been expanded unceasingly in modern clinic due to the discovery of the selective aggregation of photoresponsive drugs to many pathological tissues and pathogenic microorganisms other than tumors, and the development of new photoresensitizer. In this paper, review is given on the effect mechanisms, the light sources and photosensitizer, as well as the application of photodynamic treatment of tumors in head and neck and its treatments of mucosal dis-ease and oral pathogenic microorganism infected diseases.

It is one of the common problems faced by many medical schools how to carry out the hidden curriculum in humanities education of medical education.This article approaches the composition and connotation of the curriculum in order to improve the relevance and effectiveness of the humanities education of medical education

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) which was brought into existence in early 90s of 20 century is a noninvasive technique for creating cross-sectional images of transparent or semi-transparent internal biological tissue structure.In recent years applicability research in the field of stomatology has made great progress.The micro structure changes of surface layer of the lesions in oral hard and soft tissues could be detected by this technique,with its unique feature to detect insidious secondary caries beneath dental restorations that couldn't be found by current clinical techniques easily.In this review,secondary caries etiopathogenisis and diagnosis,principle were discussed firstly and then imaging observation of OCT to detect early second caries around dental restoration and monitoring on risk factors inducing secondary caries are reviewed.It indicated that OCT technique has great potential on diagnosis of secondary caries.

Splice variants are transcripts that exhibit various functions or activities and are obtained from alternative splicing of precursor mRNA. An increasing number of tumor-specific splice variants are being discovered and their roles in cancer development and progression are being investigated. In this study, the expression patterns and activities of tumor-specific splice variants were charac-terized. The results suggest that a variant-specific gene therapy that targets cancer cells would be more specific and would have minimal effect on healthy tissues. Using antisense oligonucleotides, mRNA that contributed to cancer cell survival and altered splicing patterns was downregulated in a clinical trial. The results provide a new appreciation for the gene therapy of cancer. Identification of novel tu-mor-specific splice variants and constant improvement of therapeutic strategies by modifying splicing patterns can lead to the develop-ment of more effective and safer cancer therapies.

The etiology of peripheral precocious puberty(PPP) is complex and varied,which is mainly categorized into either genetic or acquired disorders.Albright-McCune syndrome and familial male-limited precocious puberty are the 2 most important genetic PPPs.The purposes of therapy are to halt pubertal development and restore sex steroids to prepubertal values and delayed rate of skeletal maturation in order to maximize height potential.The several major categories of clinical drugs for PPP include anti estrogen/androgen,estrogen receptor blocker,aromatase inhibitors and cytochrome P450 inhibitors and so on.

Janus kinase-signal transduction and transcription activator (JAK-STAT), mitogen- activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor ?B (NF-?B) are three important cellular signalling pathways, which play pivotal roles in regulation of cellular physiologic as well as pathophysiologic functions. Based on the elucidation of the research progress of three signalling cascades, respectively, the current review focuses on the cross-talk of these signalling transduction, and the up-to-date details are also presented on their regulation in inflammatory response.

Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by hypotonia,poor feeding in infancy,hyperphagia with evolving obesity,hypogonadism,decreased adult height,and cognitive and behavioral disabilities.Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) has been used in treating Prader-Willi syndrome,and it has achieved good results.Several aspects still need to be concerned,including evaluation before rhGH treatment,age at treatment initiation,dosing,monitoring of potential side effects,tolerability,endpoint,response evaluation,use of adjunct therapies,and issues of consent.

Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) is a kind of autoimmune disease with high morbidity characterized in synovitis.It has become a key goal for achieving an early RA remission.It is very important for application of RA remission normatively in the treatment of RA.In this paper, comparison and application of various RA remission criteria were reviewed, such as American College of Rheu-matology (ACR), European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials ( OMERACT) group, ACR /EULAR remission criteria, etc.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Oviductus Ranae (OR) on the expression of p16, p21 and cyclinD1 protein in liver tissue of D-galactose-induced aging female rats and to further explore the anti-aging mechanism of OR in female rats. METHODS: Fourty young female SD rats (SPF grade) were randomly divided into 5 groups including OR-H group, OR-M group, OR-L group, VE group, and D-gal group with 8 in each group. The 40 rats received subcutaneous injection of D-galactose on the nape for 42d to establish aging model. Another 8 rats were injected daily with normal saline (NS) at the same position as the normal control group. From the 15th day of the experiment, the rats were given oral OR (in OR group) or Vitamin E (in VE group) for 28 d. Then all the rats were sacrificed. P16 and p21 in liver tissue were detected by immuno-histochemistry (IHC), and cyclinD1 was detected by Western-blotting method. RESULTS: The result of IHC showed that p16 and p21 mainly multifocally located in endochylema of liver cells and their distribution was diffuse and focus. Positive cell integral of p16 and p21 in the liver tissue of D-gal female aged rats was significantly increased than in normal control group (P < 0.01). After taking OR, the integral of p16-positive cell in OR-M and OR-L groups was significantly decreased than in D-gal group (P < 0.01). The integral of p21-positive cell in OR-H, OR-M and OR-L groups was significantly decreased than D-gal group (P < 0.01). The result of Western-blotting showed that the expression of cyclinD1 protein in the liver tissue of D-gal female rats was significantly decreased than in normal control group (P < 0.01). The expression of cyclinD1 in all OR groups was significantly increased compared with D-gal group (P < 0.01). The expression of cyclinD1 in OR-H group was the highest in all OR groups. CONCLUSION: OR can decrease the over-expression of p16 and p21 protein in liver tissue. Meanwhile, OR can enhance the expression of cyclinD1 in the liver of female rats. OR can promote liver cell proliferation of aging female rats. The anti-aging effects of OR is possibly produced through regulation of p16, p21, and cyclinD1 signaling pathways to promote the expression of the proliferation regulatory protein, and the signaling pathways play an important role in delaying aging. Copyright 2012 by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.