Penis is one of the most important components of male external genitalia.Congenital abnormalities and trauma may lead to genitourinary organ damage or default,which require reconstruction.With the development of tissue engineering(TE),penile corpora cavernosa tissue engineening has becoming the core of the penis reconstruction.Recent researches mainly focus on forming scaffolds and transplanting cells(including of endothelial cells and caveruosal smooth muscle cells). Recently, stem cell technology, gene therapy and nervous reconstructive techniques have been combined to promote the development of tissue engineering.Tissue engineering has been thought to be able to make possible the restoring and constructing of the structure and normal funetion of penile corpora cavernosa.This paper gives a review of the recent progress in associated researches on tissue engineering of the penile corpora cavernosa.

Objectives To investigate the specific site for measuring inferior alveolar nerve canal (IANC) by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT),and to provide reference data of the course of the IANC of the crowd.Methods This study was a retrospective data analysis.One hundred and thirty CBCT cases were measured and compared after classification by gender and age (65 men and 65 women,65 middle age and 65 youth).Since the proximal center of the mental foramen area,the cross-section at which the mental hole just completely breaks the buccal cortical bone was defined as S1,and S2,S3,S4 were defined as cross-sections with 1-cm apart from each other since S1.L1,L2,L3,and L4 were measured as the distance from specific sites on the outer wall of the IANC to the alveolar crest,the outer wall of lingual lateral cortical bone,the mandibular minimum margin,and the outer wall of buccal cortical bone.The results were analyzed using independent samples t test,with P＜0.05 being considered statistically significant.Results On the right IANC S2L1,S3L1,S4L1,S2L2,S3L2,S4L2,S1L3,S3L4,the 8 groups of L values measured on these 8 sites,all showed differences between genders (P＜0.05).So did the 10 groups of L values measured on the left IANC S1L1,S2L1,S3L1,S4L1,S1L2,S3L2,S4L2,S2L3,S3L3,S4L4 (P＜0.05).The middle age group and the youth group were statistically different for the data measured on the right IANC S2L4 (P＜0.05).This was the same case for the data measured on the left IANC S1L3.When classified according to gender,L1 in the S1 to S4 sections firstly increased and then decreased,and eventually decreased.The change pattern of L3 was opposite to that of L1.L2 in the S1 to S4 sections firstly decreased and then decreased,and eventually increased.The change pattern of L4 was opposite to that of L2.When the samples were classified according to age,the change pattern L value in the S1 to S4 sections was the same as that under gender classification.Conclusions The effect of gender on the L value of individuals is relatively great,while the effect of age on the L value of individuals value is very small.Setting the corresponding long axis of mandible as a reference,the change pattern of IANC in the mandible can be deduced based on the change of L value from S 1 to S4:from S1 to S4,the course of IANC on the vertical direction is firstly downward,tben turns to upward and goes upward;from S1 to S4,the trend of IANC on the horizontal direction is firstly toward the side of tongue,and eventually turns towards the buccal side.The current study provides reference data for IANC-related anatomy from the mandibular foramen to the mandibular second molars.

Study of new or previously known drugs for new applications in the treatments of eye diseases hasbeen one of the ma ior subjects in the ophthalmic field.However,we had found several caveats in the recently publishedpapers on experimental ophthalmic drug studies,such as new-drug trials lack of systemic designing,experimentalstudies without following the standard guidelines,in-vivo animal tests bypassed the necessary in-vitro cell screenings,and studies lack known-drug controls,etc.In order to improve the quality of such kind of studies,researchers should befamiliar with the standard procedures of new drug testing,and with the basic rules for drug screenings and efficacyassessments by in-vitro cell culture systems and in-vivo animal models.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD) is one of the main causes which threatend the health of preterm infants. As neonatal intensive care improved, the "new" BPD have replaced the" old" BPD. The development of BPD involved many factors, and several preventative and therapeutic strategies have been used in BPD.

Background: Tunnel thread-drawing therapy is an effective treatment for complex anal fistula, and this therapy may be used for horseshoe-shaped low-position perianal abscess. Objective: To analyze the therapeutic effects of tunnel thread-drawing therapy in treatment of horseshoe-shaped low-position perianal abscess. Design, setting, participants and interventions: A total of 68 patients with horseshoe-shaped low-position perianal abscess were from Department of Anorectal Surgery, Shanghai Tianshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, and were randomly divided into treatment group and control group. There were 34 cases in each group. The patients in the treatment group received thread-drawing therapy and the patients in the control group received multiple incisions and drainage. Main outcome measures: Lasting time of postoperative pain, healing time of incision, average area of the wound scar, anal function and postoperative recurrence were observed in the two groups. Late postoperative follow-up was from half a year to three years. Results: The lasting time of postoperative pain and healing time of incision in the treatment group were shortened as compared with those in the control group (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in postoperative recurrence rate between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: There is a significant curative effect of tunnel thread-drawing therapy in treatment of horseshoe-shaped low-position perianal abscess.

Objective To evaluate the curative effect and feasibility of three dimensional conformal radiation therapy for bony metastases,and summarize its indication.Methods Total of 53 patients with bony metastases were received radiotherapy.Results All patienrs were followed up from 3 to 12 month,6 patients discharged from hospital without any therapy,the ratio of change of pain and Clinical symptoms is 88.68％(47/53),the ratio of obviously improvement is 66.04％(35/53),the ratio of improvement is 22.64％(12/53).Conclusion The results show that Three dimensional conformal radiation therapy has obvious advantage and commendable effect on bony metastases.It is a high-performance,save and precise stereotaxis treatment facility.

Objective To investigate preoperative infection prevalence indicators of orthopedic emergency surgery patients,to analyze infection index distribution and prevalence of orthopedic emergency surgery patients before operation.Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the hepatitis A virus antibody (anti-HAV),hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV),human immunodeficiency virus (1/2)-type antibody (anti-HIV1/ 2) and Treponema pallidum antibodies (TPAb)in 4 381 cases received orthopedic emergency surgery.Results The positive rates of hepatitis C and syphilis antibody in male patients were 0.228％,0.821％,those in female patients were 0.366％,0.686％,the differences were statistically significant (x2 =3.543,3.631,all P ＜ 0.05).The HAV antibody positive rates in young group,middle age group and elderly group were 0.000％,0.329％ and 0.101％ ;the positive rates of hepatitis C antibody were 0.107％,0.591％ and 0.203％ ;the positive rates of syphilis antibody were 0.160％,0.854％ and 1.722％ ;HIV antibody positive rates were 0.000％,0.131％ and 0.000％.,The positive rates of hepatitis C and syphilis antibody between the young group and elderly group had statistically significant differences (x2 =3.654,5.743,all P ＜ 0.05).The positive rates of hepatitis C antibodies,syphihs,HIV (1/2) antibody,hepatitis A antibody between the middle-age group and the young group had statistically significant differences (x2 =3.543,3.854,5.432,3.432,all P ＜ 0.05).The positive rates of hepatitis C antibodies,syphilis,HIV (1/2) antibody,hepatitis A antibody between the elderly group and the middle-age group had statistically significant differences(x2 =3.546,3.6431,3.564,3.433,all P＜0.05).Conclusion In 4381 patients,the indicators are not zero,suggest that preoperative infectious diseases are likely to be infected.For patients before surgery to make hepatitis A,hepatitis C,human immunodeficiency virus,syphilis antibody detection has a positive meaning.

Tcells need two signals to promote their activation.Only two signals existing at the same time,T cells can effectively activate,proliferate and secrete cell factors or play the toxic effects of cells.One signal is that T cell receptor recognize antigen and CD3 will transduce it to cells.The other is the combination of costimulatory molecules from antigen-presenting cell and costimulatory molecules receptor on the T cell surface.B7 on antigen-presenting cell and CD28/cytotoxic T lymphocyte-antigen-4 expressed on T cells are the most important costimulatory molecules.

At present drug-induced renal injury is increasing due to a wide variety of drugs and drug abuse problem.Many pathogenesis includes hemodynamic changes,drug damage,inflammation,immunolesion,renal obstruction,rhabdomyolysis,metabolic disorders and so on.Each pathogenesis can influence each other.The complex pathogenesis and non-specific clinical symptoms in early stage lead to missed diagnosis.Early prevention,monitoring and intervention are important in the development of the disease.Supportive therapy is a critical part of the treatment.Some patients with renal impairment have poor prognosis.

Plastic bronchitis is a “multiple-system” involved syndrome that is characterized by the formarion of thick,arborizing mucofibrinous tracheobronchial casts,which can result in hard breathing or pulmonary failure.Plastic bronchitis in children occurs following correction of complex cardiac defects,or in children with inflammatory pulmonary conditions.It is a condition of unknown causes and has different clinical manifestations.Early diagnosis is very important and so far endoscopic removal of the casts is the most effective measure.