Tcells need two signals to promote their activation.Only two signals existing at the same time,T cells can effectively activate,proliferate and secrete cell factors or play the toxic effects of cells.One signal is that T cell receptor recognize antigen and CD3 will transduce it to cells.The other is the combination of costimulatory molecules from antigen-presenting cell and costimulatory molecules receptor on the T cell surface.B7 on antigen-presenting cell and CD28/cytotoxic T lymphocyte-antigen-4 expressed on T cells are the most important costimulatory molecules.

Cerebral vascular diseases throw great threat to human health,among which ischemic stoke accounts for 50%~80%.Rencent results showed that astrocyte can protect the neurons during cerebral ischemia diseases via maintenance extracellular K+ homeostasis,elimination of oxygen free radicals,uptake the excess excitatory amino acid,release of neurotrophic factors and regulation the functions of ion channels.This article reviews the recently published works about the mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of astrocyte during the cerebral ischemic diseases.

AIM: To evaluation the efficacy dosages of topiramate (TMP) in treatment of patients with different types of epilepsy. METHODS : The seizure rate in baseline phase of patients with epilepsy were observed and recorded before treatment of topiramate as monotherapy for 20 weeks. The TMP st arting dosage was 25 mg?d -1 , and then increased to 25 mg?d -1 each week for 8 weeks until effective dosage or 200 mg?d -1 for 12 weeks, and the change of seizure frequency and adverse reactions were recorded. RESULTS: The seizure in 31 cases ( 51.7 %) was totally contro lled, seizure reduction of ≥75% was in 14 cases ( 23.3 %), ≥50% was in 4 cas es ( 6.7 %), and

OBJECTIVE:To facilitate the development and popularization of Office Information Network in hospital pharmacy department and provide the carrier and space for developing hospital pharmaceutical services. METHODS: In view of the requirement of hospital pharmacy, B/S structure, ASP technique and MYSQL open source database were used. RESULTS: The system was characterized by concise in style, simple in operation, characteristic and full of affinity, and it has been gradually accepted and widely used by the staffs. CONCLUSIONS: The Office Information Network of hospital pharmacy department can reflect in time the latest development of pharmacy, and it has facilitated the construction and development of informatization in hospital pharmacy department and helped to improve the administrators’ ability in information management and decision-making.

Objective To study the effect of smoking on oxidized low-density lipoprotein ox-LDL lag time in patients with cerebral infarction. Methods Plasma samples were obtained from 67 patients with cerebral infarc-tion. 30 acute cerebral infarction patients without history of smoking were chosen to be as control group; meanwhile, 37 acute cerebral infarction patients with history of smoking were chosen to be as smoking group. There was no statis-tical difference in age,gender,blood pressure,lipid level and location and level of the cerebral focus between the two groups (P > 0.05). The ox-LDL lag time and lipid levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), including total choles-terol (TC) ,triglyceride (TG) and free cholesterol were measured. Results The ox-LDL lag time of the patients with history of smoking was significantly shorter than that in the control group[(77.21 ± 9.1) min vs. (59.95 ± 8.7)min,P <0.001]. There were no significant differences in LDL- TC,LDL- TG and LDL-free cholesterol level[(5.12±0.61) vs. (4.63±0.62) mmol/L; (0.89±0.07) mmol/L vs. (0.85±0.04) mmol/L; (1.71±0.43) vs. (1.74±0.91) mmol/L, P > 0.05 respectively] between the two groups. Conclusion Smoking shorts the ox-LDL lag time in patients with cerebral infarction, and decrease the anti-oxidization and increase the stress of oxidization.

0.05).In the elderly group,every complication rates of LR were lower than those of OR(P

Abstract?AIM:To compare the loss of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) thickness measurements by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography ( SD -OCT ) in healthy individuals and glaucoma patients with or without progression.? METHODS: A total of 60 eyes, comprising 36 glaucomatous eyes with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and 24 healthy controls, were included in the study over a 2-year period.All eyes underwent at least 4 serial RNFL measurements performed by Cirrus OCT every half a year over a period of 2a.Visual field ( VF) testing was performed by using the Swedish interactive threshold algorithm( SITA) Standard 30-2 program of the Humphrey field analyzer within the same week as the optic disc/RNFL photography. By masked comparative analysis of VF test results and optic disc/RNFL photographs, the eyes were classified into non -progressive and progressive glaucoma cases. Longitudinal loss of RNFL thickness was compared.?RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 2.1 ±0.3a. Seventeen from 36 subjects were identified as progressors. Mean rates of change in average RNFL thickness were significantly higher for progressors compared with nonprogressors (2.46μm/a vs.1.21μm/a;P <0.001 ). Inferior quadrant RNFL thickness were significantly correlated with MD reduction in glaucoma eyes with progression(r=0.423, P=0.03).? CONCLUSION: Longitudinal measurements of RNFL thickness using SD-OCT show a pronounced reduction in patients with progression compared with patients without progression.Inferior RNFL thickness parameters might be more important in discriminating eyes with progressive glaucomatous optic nerve damage.

Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the teaching method PBL in gynecology and obstetric education. Methods We took PBL in teaching Acute Gynecological Abdomen Pain in 102 students between 2008 and 2009. Results Questionnaire results and high scores in tests suggested that the students showed great subjective initiative in studies.PBL can cultivate students'self-learning capability,improve their ability of analyzing and solving prob-lems. Conclusion PBL is a better way in clinical medical education and worthwhile to be further researched and carried out.

The author adopts exploratoryteachingmethod in the immunologyclass toestablish the scenes,guides the students to study independently and explore actively and provides students with the opportunity of full freedom of expression,query,exploration,and discussion,and adopts a diversified and characterized evaluation mechanism to help the students know the ego and build up the self-confidence.The aim of it is improving the students' interest in the study,changing study methods,fostering the students' cooperation ability and creative abilities,and improving the teaching quality.

The early screening and early diagnosis of biliary atresia is the key to improve the 5-year native liver survival rate,jaundice-free-native-liver survival rate and overall survival rate.So far,the neonatal jaundice,especially that caused by surgical cholestasis exists the lack of awareness.Because of this reason,the delay depletion jaundice patients did not receive early diagnosis and treatment until the severe complications happened.So,it has often missed the best period of operation for the biliary atresia.Called for local medical health governments to formulate the effective early screening methods of biliary atresia and the reasonable schedule of postnatal follow-up,and improving the ability of basic unit medical staff in well understanding cholestasis disease in order to achieve early diagnosis and treatment.Consequently,it will improve the situation of diagnosis and treatment of biliary atresia in our country.