Tcells need two signals to promote their activation.Only two signals existing at the same time,T cells can effectively activate,proliferate and secrete cell factors or play the toxic effects of cells.One signal is that T cell receptor recognize antigen and CD3 will transduce it to cells.The other is the combination of costimulatory molecules from antigen-presenting cell and costimulatory molecules receptor on the T cell surface.B7 on antigen-presenting cell and CD28/cytotoxic T lymphocyte-antigen-4 expressed on T cells are the most important costimulatory molecules.

OBJECTIVE:To facilitate the development and popularization of Office Information Network in hospital pharmacy department and provide the carrier and space for developing hospital pharmaceutical services. METHODS: In view of the requirement of hospital pharmacy, B/S structure, ASP technique and MYSQL open source database were used. RESULTS: The system was characterized by concise in style, simple in operation, characteristic and full of affinity, and it has been gradually accepted and widely used by the staffs. CONCLUSIONS: The Office Information Network of hospital pharmacy department can reflect in time the latest development of pharmacy, and it has facilitated the construction and development of informatization in hospital pharmacy department and helped to improve the administrators’ ability in information management and decision-making.

AIM: To evaluation the efficacy dosages of topiramate (TMP) in treatment of patients with different types of epilepsy. METHODS : The seizure rate in baseline phase of patients with epilepsy were observed and recorded before treatment of topiramate as monotherapy for 20 weeks. The TMP st arting dosage was 25 mg?d -1 , and then increased to 25 mg?d -1 each week for 8 weeks until effective dosage or 200 mg?d -1 for 12 weeks, and the change of seizure frequency and adverse reactions were recorded. RESULTS: The seizure in 31 cases ( 51.7 %) was totally contro lled, seizure reduction of ≥75% was in 14 cases ( 23.3 %), ≥50% was in 4 cas es ( 6.7 %), and

Cerebral vascular diseases throw great threat to human health,among which ischemic stoke accounts for 50%~80%.Rencent results showed that astrocyte can protect the neurons during cerebral ischemia diseases via maintenance extracellular K+ homeostasis,elimination of oxygen free radicals,uptake the excess excitatory amino acid,release of neurotrophic factors and regulation the functions of ion channels.This article reviews the recently published works about the mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of astrocyte during the cerebral ischemic diseases.

Objective To study the effect of smoking on oxidized low-density lipoprotein ox-LDL lag time in patients with cerebral infarction. Methods Plasma samples were obtained from 67 patients with cerebral infarc-tion. 30 acute cerebral infarction patients without history of smoking were chosen to be as control group; meanwhile, 37 acute cerebral infarction patients with history of smoking were chosen to be as smoking group. There was no statis-tical difference in age,gender,blood pressure,lipid level and location and level of the cerebral focus between the two groups (P > 0.05). The ox-LDL lag time and lipid levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), including total choles-terol (TC) ,triglyceride (TG) and free cholesterol were measured. Results The ox-LDL lag time of the patients with history of smoking was significantly shorter than that in the control group[(77.21 ± 9.1) min vs. (59.95 ± 8.7)min,P <0.001]. There were no significant differences in LDL- TC,LDL- TG and LDL-free cholesterol level[(5.12±0.61) vs. (4.63±0.62) mmol/L; (0.89±0.07) mmol/L vs. (0.85±0.04) mmol/L; (1.71±0.43) vs. (1.74±0.91) mmol/L, P > 0.05 respectively] between the two groups. Conclusion Smoking shorts the ox-LDL lag time in patients with cerebral infarction, and decrease the anti-oxidization and increase the stress of oxidization.

Objective To identify high?risk groups of Charcot foot( CN) in the people with diabetic foot neuropathic ulcerations( NU) . Methods Twenty cases patients with CN who were diagnosed in General Hospital of the Chinese People Air Force from June 2008 to June 2013 and 58 patients with diabetic neuropathic ulcer who were hospitalized from January 2010 to December 2011 and followed up until June 2014 without foot deform?ity were retrospectively analyzed. All patient's general condition, examination and laboratory results, diabetic chronic complications,complication,diabetes distribution of foot ulcers,and plain features. Results There were no statistically significant differences in terms of patients' average age, sex ratio, proportion of smokers, BMI, HbA1c,blood lipid,dorsalis pedis artery diameter and diabetic nephropathy (Ⅲ?Ⅳperiod) ,chronic kidney dis?ease stage 3 above,proliferation diabetic retinal pathological changes,the prevalence of coronary heart disease between the two groups(P>0. 05). Compared with NU group,patients with single high proportion(40. 00%(8/20) vs. 10. 34%(6/58)),Short duration of diabetes((12. 37±5. 64) years vs. (14. 27±8. 04) years),Feet long numbness(6(5,9) years vs. 4(2,20) years),low rate of hardening of the arteries narrow(ABI<0. 9)( 0 ( 0/20) vs. 39. 66%( 13/58) ) ,high recurrent diabetic foot ulcer prevalence( 70. 00%( 14/20) vs. 25. 86%( 15/58)),more patients with diabetes mellitus autonomic neuropathy(75. 00%(15/20) vs. 39. 66%(23/58)),less combined with hypertension ( 25. 00%( 5/20 ) vs. 58. 62%( 34/58 ) ) , the differences were significant ( t orχ2=6. 981,2. 259,4. 068,3. 887,12. 405,7. 436,6. 724;P<0. 05) . Diabetic foot wound distribution on mesopodi?um of CN group and NU group was 36. 84%(7/19),6. 90%(4/58) respectively,the difference was significant (χ2=11. 443,P=0. 003) . Diabetic foot amputation rate( Wanger 4,5 grade) of CN group and NU group was 44. 44%(4/9),6. 90%(2/29) respectively,the difference was significant(χ2=4. 732,P=0. 020). Conclusion The characteristics of high?risk groups of diabetics Charcot foot in the people with diabetic foot neuropathic ulcerations are middle aged,no foot of ischemia,combine the diabetic autonomic neuropathy and the feet always with recurrent ulcers.

Objective To evaluate the effects of breastfeeding behavior through the implementation of family-centered empowerment education in primiparas.Methods According to random digit table,128primiparas in our hospitals were divided into the experimental group and the control group with 64 cases in each group from August 2014 to April 2015.At last 58 patients in the observation group and 59 patients in the control group completed the research.Those primiparas in the experimental group were given the familycentered empowerment education.The control group received conventional methods.Results The scores of breastfeeding self-efficacy,perceived social support and breastfeeding behavior of primiparas in the experimental group were 129.64±12.94,58.94±8.97,89.84±11.32,higher than the control group,101.78±78.67,50.27±10.56,71.56±12.03,the differences had statistical significance between two groups,t=9.656-10.487,P ＜ 0.05.Conclusions Using the family-centered empowerment education can effectively improve the breastfeeding self-efficacy,perceived social support and breastfeeding behavior in primiparas.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of diabetic foot by observing the changes of the relative index. Methods 134 pa-tients were randomly divided into non-diabetic foot (NDF) group and diabetic foot (DF) group,the changes of blood glucose,HbA1c,creati-nine,uric acid,microalbuminuria and the complications of diabetes were observed. Results There no difference in blood glucose level be-tween 2 groups (P>0. 05). The HbA1c levels of DF group was higher,with a significant difference(P<0. 05). The levels of uric acid in fe-male of DF group was higher than those in female of NDF group(P<0. 05). there was significant differernces in levels of microalbuminuria (P<0. 05),but no statistic difference in levels of potassium and sodium between 2 groups. Conclusion The changes of HbA1c,uric acid and microalbuminuria could indicate the diabetic foot in clinic.

Objective To investigate the effects of platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF) on the expression of ?-smooth muscle actin(?-SMA) of cultured human retinal pigment epithelium cells(RPE). Methods Cultured human RPE cells of the 4-6 th passages were divided into two groups: Delbecco′s modified Eagle′s medium (DMEM) and 2%DMEM (20 g/L foeta calf serum+DMEM). PDGF (0,1,50 ng/ml) was added to medium.The expression of ?-SMA was detected and quantitatively analyzed by image process of immunofluorescence. Results PDGF stimulated the expression of ?-SMA of human RPE cells.In group of DMEM, The rate of RPE of ?-SMA expression was 40%-50% and the intension of fluorescence was 8 08 without PDGF. After stimulated by PDGF(1 ng/ml,50 ng/ml), the rates were 80% and 90% respectively, and the intension of fluorescence were 12.35 and 17.23. In 2%DMEM group, The rates of RPE of ?-SMA expression were 85% without PDGF, and 95% ,100% respectively treated with PDGF (1 ng/ml,50 ng/ml). The intension of fluorescence was 14.79 without PDGF, and after stimulated by PDGF, they were 16.28 at 1 ng/ml and 21.36 at 50 ng/ml,which was 2.7 times stronger than that in DMEM group without PDGF. Conclusion PDGF could stimulate RPE cells to express ?-SMA.

Neural and brain imaging has become one of the most challenging subjects and attracted more attentions. Neural and brain imaging can quantify morphological pattern, structure and function of brain and nerve system, which offers us not only a deeper understanding of brain and nerve system, but also improved effectiveness of clinical diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a new imaging technique and has been widely used in areas of biology and medicine. Study on OCT technique applying to neural and brain imaging has drawn special attention and rapid developments have been achieved. The technique provides new ideas and methods to solve problems in neural and brain imaging and its potential needs to be discovered. This article re-views the latest techniques and development in OCT for neural and brain imaging. Advantages and disadvantages of the technique and foreground of the development are discussed.