Tcells need two signals to promote their activation.Only two signals existing at the same time,T cells can effectively activate,proliferate and secrete cell factors or play the toxic effects of cells.One signal is that T cell receptor recognize antigen and CD3 will transduce it to cells.The other is the combination of costimulatory molecules from antigen-presenting cell and costimulatory molecules receptor on the T cell surface.B7 on antigen-presenting cell and CD28/cytotoxic T lymphocyte-antigen-4 expressed on T cells are the most important costimulatory molecules.

Cerebral vascular diseases throw great threat to human health,among which ischemic stoke accounts for 50%~80%.Rencent results showed that astrocyte can protect the neurons during cerebral ischemia diseases via maintenance extracellular K+ homeostasis,elimination of oxygen free radicals,uptake the excess excitatory amino acid,release of neurotrophic factors and regulation the functions of ion channels.This article reviews the recently published works about the mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of astrocyte during the cerebral ischemic diseases.

OBJECTIVE:To facilitate the development and popularization of Office Information Network in hospital pharmacy department and provide the carrier and space for developing hospital pharmaceutical services. METHODS: In view of the requirement of hospital pharmacy, B/S structure, ASP technique and MYSQL open source database were used. RESULTS: The system was characterized by concise in style, simple in operation, characteristic and full of affinity, and it has been gradually accepted and widely used by the staffs. CONCLUSIONS: The Office Information Network of hospital pharmacy department can reflect in time the latest development of pharmacy, and it has facilitated the construction and development of informatization in hospital pharmacy department and helped to improve the administrators’ ability in information management and decision-making.

AIM: To evaluation the efficacy dosages of topiramate (TMP) in treatment of patients with different types of epilepsy. METHODS : The seizure rate in baseline phase of patients with epilepsy were observed and recorded before treatment of topiramate as monotherapy for 20 weeks. The TMP st arting dosage was 25 mg?d -1 , and then increased to 25 mg?d -1 each week for 8 weeks until effective dosage or 200 mg?d -1 for 12 weeks, and the change of seizure frequency and adverse reactions were recorded. RESULTS: The seizure in 31 cases ( 51.7 %) was totally contro lled, seizure reduction of ≥75% was in 14 cases ( 23.3 %), ≥50% was in 4 cas es ( 6.7 %), and

Objective To study the effect of smoking on oxidized low-density lipoprotein ox-LDL lag time in patients with cerebral infarction. Methods Plasma samples were obtained from 67 patients with cerebral infarc-tion. 30 acute cerebral infarction patients without history of smoking were chosen to be as control group; meanwhile, 37 acute cerebral infarction patients with history of smoking were chosen to be as smoking group. There was no statis-tical difference in age,gender,blood pressure,lipid level and location and level of the cerebral focus between the two groups (P > 0.05). The ox-LDL lag time and lipid levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), including total choles-terol (TC) ,triglyceride (TG) and free cholesterol were measured. Results The ox-LDL lag time of the patients with history of smoking was significantly shorter than that in the control group[(77.21 ± 9.1) min vs. (59.95 ± 8.7)min,P <0.001]. There were no significant differences in LDL- TC,LDL- TG and LDL-free cholesterol level[(5.12±0.61) vs. (4.63±0.62) mmol/L; (0.89±0.07) mmol/L vs. (0.85±0.04) mmol/L; (1.71±0.43) vs. (1.74±0.91) mmol/L, P > 0.05 respectively] between the two groups. Conclusion Smoking shorts the ox-LDL lag time in patients with cerebral infarction, and decrease the anti-oxidization and increase the stress of oxidization.

Neural and brain imaging has become one of the most challenging subjects and attracted more attentions. Neural and brain imaging can quantify morphological pattern, structure and function of brain and nerve system, which offers us not only a deeper understanding of brain and nerve system, but also improved effectiveness of clinical diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a new imaging technique and has been widely used in areas of biology and medicine. Study on OCT technique applying to neural and brain imaging has drawn special attention and rapid developments have been achieved. The technique provides new ideas and methods to solve problems in neural and brain imaging and its potential needs to be discovered. This article re-views the latest techniques and development in OCT for neural and brain imaging. Advantages and disadvantages of the technique and foreground of the development are discussed.

Objective To investigate the change of serum prealbumin (PA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in burn patients and its clinical significance.Methods Sixty eight cases of burn patients were divided into two groups,group Ⅰ [n=38,with total burn surface area less than 15% of total body surface area (TBSA)] and groupⅡ(n=30,with total burn surface area more than 50% of TBSA). Thirty healthy people were set as healthy control group. Particle enhanced immunoturbidimetic assay was applied to detecting the serum levels of PA and CRP for all subjects on the day 1 after burns.Results The CRP level was much higher and serum level of PA was much lower in group Ⅱ than that of group Ⅰ,respectively. There existed significant negative correlation between PA and CRP level.Conclusion The level of serum PA decreases significantly along with total burn surface area expansion. PA can be used as a sensitive marker for estimation of inflammation degree after burns.

ObjectiveTo summarize the recent therapeutic effects of mesh-plug tension-free hernioplasty in elderly inguinal hernia. MethodsAll cases were performed with mesh-plug case-hardened products, which are manufactured by American Bard Company. ResultsAll the operative procedures were performed smoothly. Postoperative complications were:6 cases of urinary retention,4 scrotal hydroceles,2 persistent wound pain,2 local lightly projections with foreign body sensation,2 hypoincisional haematoma. 1～24 months of follow-up were taken,2 recent recurrences were reported. ConclusionMesh-plug tension-free hernioplasty is a perfect surgical operation. Its main characteristics are:simple performance, less trauma, tension-free, time-saving, good recent therapeutic effect, and fewer recent recurrence. It is especially suitable to the elderly patients and/or Patients with other diseases.

The early screening and early diagnosis of biliary atresia is the key to improve the 5-year native liver survival rate,jaundice-free-native-liver survival rate and overall survival rate.So far,the neonatal jaundice,especially that caused by surgical cholestasis exists the lack of awareness.Because of this reason,the delay depletion jaundice patients did not receive early diagnosis and treatment until the severe complications happened.So,it has often missed the best period of operation for the biliary atresia.Called for local medical health governments to formulate the effective early screening methods of biliary atresia and the reasonable schedule of postnatal follow-up,and improving the ability of basic unit medical staff in well understanding cholestasis disease in order to achieve early diagnosis and treatment.Consequently,it will improve the situation of diagnosis and treatment of biliary atresia in our country.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of diabetic foot by observing the changes of the relative index. Methods 134 pa-tients were randomly divided into non-diabetic foot (NDF) group and diabetic foot (DF) group,the changes of blood glucose,HbA1c,creati-nine,uric acid,microalbuminuria and the complications of diabetes were observed. Results There no difference in blood glucose level be-tween 2 groups (P>0. 05). The HbA1c levels of DF group was higher,with a significant difference(P<0. 05). The levels of uric acid in fe-male of DF group was higher than those in female of NDF group(P<0. 05). there was significant differernces in levels of microalbuminuria (P<0. 05),but no statistic difference in levels of potassium and sodium between 2 groups. Conclusion The changes of HbA1c,uric acid and microalbuminuria could indicate the diabetic foot in clinic.